Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics by antiarrhythmic drug usage.
| Patient characteristics* | Overall (N=8161) | AAD group (N=1994) | non-AAD group (N=6167) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 68.2 (11.8) | 66.9 (11.5) | 68.6 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Male | 4737 (58.0) | 1112 (55.8) | 3625 (58.8) | 0.018 |
| High school completion | 2054 (28.0) | 596 (33.4) | 1458 (26.3) | <0.001 |
| Partial or complete health insurance coverage | 7524 (92.3) | 1839 (92.3) | 5685 (92.2) | 0.967 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 25.4 (3.7) | 25.4 (3.7) | 25.4 (3.7) | 0.962 |
| Current smoking | 1253 (15.5) | 296 (14.9) | 957 (15.7) | 0.414 |
| Current drinking | 1493 (18.5) | 354 (17.9) | 1139 (18.7) | 0.428 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Established CAD** | 1320 (16.2) | 294 (14.8) | 1026 (16.7) | 0.045 |
| DM | 2255 (27.6) | 496 (24.9) | 1759 (28.5) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension | 5673 (69.5) | 1347 (67.6) | 4326 (70.2) | 0.026 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3591 (44.0) | 891 (44.7) | 2700 (43.8) | 0.505 |
| CHF | 1898 (23.3) | 296 (14.8) | 1602 (26.0) | <0.001 |
| Previous bleeding | 412 (5.1) | 71 (3.6) | 341 (5.5) | 0.001 |
| Previous stroke/TIA/TE | 1610 (19.7) | 302 (15.2) | 1308 (21.2) | <0.001 |
| Abnormal liver function# | 260 (4.5) | 50 (3.7) | 210 (4.8) | 0.092 |
| OAC usage | 1652 (20.3) | 280 (14.1) | 1372 (22.3) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2## | 102.7 (32.8) | 105.1 (31.2) | 102.0 (33.2) | 0.003 |
| AF type | ||||
| New-onset AF | 944 (11.6) | 263 (13.2) | 681 (11.1) | 0.010 |
| Paroxysmal AF | 3547 (43.5) | 1157 (58.1) | 2390 (38.8) | <0.001 |
| Persistent AF | 3655 (44.9) | 573 (28.8) | 3082 (50.1) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis of AF ≥12 months | 4284 (52.5) | 1008 (50.6) | 3276 (53.1) | 0.046 |
| Rate-lowering drugs | ||||
| β blockers | 4561 (55.9) | 1035 (51.9) | 3526 (57.2) | <0.001 |
| Non-dihydropyridine Calcium-channel antagonists | 553 (6.8) | 139 (7.0) | 414 (6.7) | 0.691 |
| Digoxin | 1014 (12.4) | 143 (7.2) | 871 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Tertiary hospital admission | 6381 (78.2) | 1632 (81.9) | 4749 (77.0) | <0.001 |
| Inpatients | 3078 (37.7) | 697 (35.0) | 2381 (38.7) | 0.003 |
| Follow-up duration, mean (SD), d | 316.7 (90.4) | 242.0 (112.5) | 340.8 (65.8) | <0.001 |
AAD – antiarrhythmic drug; AF – atrial fibrillation; BMI – body mass index; CAD – coronary artery disease; CHF – chronic heart failure; DM – diabetes mellitus; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; OAC – oral anticoagulants; SD – standard deviation; TE – thromboembolism; TIA – transient ischemic attack.
Continuous variables were presented as mean (SD) and categorical variables were presented as number (percent);
Established CAD includes myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting;
Liver function was obtained in 5780 patients (1362 in the AAD group and 4418 in the non-AAD group).
Abnormal liver function was defined as serum level of aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase >120 U/L, and total bilirubin >34.2 μmol/L;
eGFR was obtained in 5731 patients (1342 in the AAD group and 4389 in the non-AAD group).
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)=186×(SCr [μmol/L]×0.0113)−1.154×age−0.203×0.742 (if female).