| Cao, Ho & Teoh (2003) |
PCL (NaOH treated) |
FDM |
In vitro |
hOB(iliac crest) hChondrocytes (rib cartilage) |
50 days |
Osteogenic and chondrogenic cells can grow, proliferate, distribute, and produce extracellu-lar matrix in these PCL scaffolds. |
| Smith et al. (2007) |
PCL |
SLS |
In vivo |
Yucatan minipig mandibles |
3 months |
Cartilaginous tissue regeneration along the articulating surface with exuberant osseous tissue formation. |
| Yen et al. (2009) |
PLGA (type II collagen) |
FDM |
In vitro |
Chondrocytes (condyles of Yorkshire pigs) |
4 weeks |
Scaffolds swell slightly. The cartilaginous tissue formation was observed around but not yet in the interior of the constructs. |
| Yen et al. (2009) |
PLGA (lyophilized for 48 h) |
LFDM |
In vitro |
Chondrocytes (condyles of Yorkshire pigs) |
4 weeks |
Decrease swelling significantly. Mechanical strength is closer to native articular cartilage. Proliferate well and secret abundant ECM. |
| Soman et al. (2012) |
ZPR PEG |
SLA |
In vitro |
hMSCs |
1 week |
Zero Poisson‘s ratio (ZPR) material PEG has been printed to generate 3D printed scaffolds. The hMSCs adhere and proliferate well. |
| Grogan et al. (2013) |
GelMA |
SLA |
In vitro Ex vivo |
human avascular zone meniscus cells; Human meniscus ex vivo repair model |
6 weeks |
Micropatterned GelMA scaffolds are non-toxic, produce organized cellular alignment, and promote meniscus-like tissue formation. |
| Mannoor et al. (2013) |
Alginate, silicon, (AgNP infused) |
syringe extrusion |
In vitro |
Chondrocytes (articular cartilage of calves) |
10 weeks |
The ears are cultured in vitro for 10 weeks. Audio signals are received by the bionic ears. |
| Lee et al. (2013) |
PCL, hyaluronic acid, gelatin |
SLS |
In vitro |
Chondrocytes (New Zealand white rabbit) |
4 weeks |
This study successfully forms a soft/hard bi-phase scaffold, which offers a better environment for producing more proteins. |
| Xu et al. (2013) |
PCL, FN, Collagen |
Inkjet, Electrospun |
In vitro In vivo |
Rabbit elastic chondrocytes; Immunodeficient mice subcutaneous model |
8 weeks |
The hybrid electrospinning/inkjet printing technique simplifies production of complex tissues. |
| Schuller-Ravoo et al. (2013) |
PTMC |
SLA |
In vitro |
Bovine chondrocytes |
6 weeks |
The compression moduli of the constructed cartilage increases 50% to approximately 100 kPa. |
| Gao et al. (2014) |
PEG |
Inkjet, UV |
In vitro |
human chondrocytes |
4 weeks |
Printed neocartilage demonstrated excellent glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II production with consistented gene expression. |
| Pati et al. (2015) |
dECM, PCL |
Extrusion, FDM |
In vitro |
hASCs hTMSCs |
2 weeks |
Tissue-specific dECM bioinks achieve high cell viability and functionality. |
| Chen et al. (2014) |
PCL (coating with collagne) |
SLS |
In vivo |
Subdermally dorsal model of female nude mice |
8 week |
Collagen as a surface modification material is superior to gelatin in supporting cells growth and stimulating ECM protein secretion. |
| Chang et al. (2014) |
PCL |
FDM |
In vivo |
Rabbit half-pipe-shaped tracheal defect. Rabbit MSCs |
8 weeks |
The 3DP scaffold with fibrin/MSCs served as a resorbable, chondro-productive, and proper cartilage regeneration strategy. |
| Zhang et al. (2014) |
PEG/ β-TCP |
SLA & hydrogel |
In vivo |
Rabbit trochlea critical size osteochondral defects. |
52 weeks |
The repaired subchondral bone formed from 16 to 52 weeks in a “flow like” manner from surrounding bone to the defect center gradually. |
| Yao et al. (2015) |
PCL/HA |
FDM |
in vitro in vivo |
Bone marrow clots and BMSC from 30 female New Zealand white rabbits (5-6 months old). 60 Female nude mice (6-7 weeks old). |
4 weeks |
Combination with MC is a highly efficient, reliable, and simple method that improves the biological performance of 3D PCL/HA scaffold. |
| Zopf et al. (2015) |
PCL |
SLA |
In vitro In vivo |
Yorkshire pigs Supraperichondrial soft tissue flaps |
2 months |
The histological evidence present that anatomically PCL based ear and nose resulted in the growth and maintenance of cartilage-like tissue. |
