Figure 1.

DBS suppresses HAL-induced VCMs. Chronic haloperidol treatment led to the induction of vacuous chewing movements, which stabilized by ∼9 weeks of treatment (N = 125 HAL; N = 80 VEH) (A). All differences between HAL- and VEH-treated groups are significant from the first week of treatment onward. Indication of statistical significance was omitted for clarity. DBS applied to the STN (B) or the EPN (C) reduced VCMs immediately after DBS onset. Representative pictographs showing placement of electrodes in the STN and EPN are shown in D and E, respectively. *p < 0.01.