Table 2.

Prevalence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker use in the United States adult population with impaired kidney function by era, demographic characteristics, and comorbidities (the National Health and Nutrition Health Examination Survey 1999–2014)

Characteristic	Percentage with Characteristic (SEM)a	Percentage Using ACE/ARB (SEM)	P Valueb	Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)c	P Valuec
All		34.9 (0.8)
NHANES era			<0.001
1999–2002	22.0 (1.0)	25.5 (1.7)		1 [Reference]
2003–2006	25.1 (1.3)	33.3 (1.3)		1.41 (1.14 to 1.74)	0.002
2007–2010	24.4 (1.0)	39.0 (1.5)		1.84 (1.48 to 2.28)	<0.001
2011–2014	28.5 (1.2)	40.1 (1.6)		2.02 (1.61 to 2.53)	<0.001
Age, yr			<0.001
20–39	15.9 (0.7)	7.0 (1.2)		1 [Reference]
40–64	35.0 (0.7)	31.7 (1.4)		6.06 (4.11 to 8.93)	<0.001
≥65	49.1 (0.9)	46.3 (1.1)		11.7 (8.03 to 16.9)	<0.001
Sex			<0.001
Men	42.5 (0.8)	37.8 (1.1)		1 [Reference]
Women	57.5 (0.8)	32.7 (1.0)		0.81 (0.72 to 0.92)	0.001
Race/ethnicity			<0.001
Non-Hispanic white	70.9 (1.3)	36.1 (1.0)		1 [Reference]
Non-Hispanic black	11.9 (0.8)	38.2 (1.6)		1.40 (1.19 to 1.66)	<0.001
Hispanic	11.5 (1.0)	26.7 (1.8)		1.01 (0.81 to 1.26)	0.93
Other	5.7 (0.5)	29.3 (3.6)		0.97 (0.69 to 1.37)	0.88
Health insurance status			<0.001
Insured	91.4 (0.4)	37.8 (0.8)		1 [Reference]
Uninsured	8.6 (0.4)	3.8 (0.8)		0.09 (0.05 to 0.13)	<0.001
Received medical care in last year			<0.001
Yes	91.5 (0.5)	37.8 (0.8)		1 [Reference]
No	8.5 (0.5)	3.3 (0.8)		0.08 (0.05 to 0.12)	<0.001
Income status			<0.001
Above poverty level	84.3 (0.7)	36.0 (0.9)		1 [Reference]
Below or equal to poverty level	15.7 (0.7)	28.8 (1.4)		0.94 (0.81 to 1.09)	0.43
High school graduation			0.10
No	26.8 (0.8)	36.9 (1.4)		1 [Reference]
Yes	73.2 (0.8)	34.2 (0.9)		1.02 (0.88 to 1.20)	0.78
Body mass index, kg/m2			<0.001
<30	58.7 (0.9)	29.4 (1.0)		1 [Reference]
≥30	41.3 (0.9)	42.6 (1.4)		2.06 (1.76 to 2.43)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitusd			<0.001
No: SR−, A1c<6.5%	72.5 (0.8)	27.3 (0.8)		1 [Reference]
Yes: SR−, A1c≥6.5%	4.2 (0.3)	32.7 (3.1)		1.26 (0.96 to 1.65)	0.10
Yes: SR+, A1c<6.5%	7.2 (0.4)	62.3 (2.4)		3.61 (2.84 to 4.58)	<0.001
Yes: SR+, A1c≥6.5%	16.1 (0.7)	57.9 (2.0)		3.42 (2.79 to 4.18)	<0.001
Hypertensione			<0.001
No: SR−, BP<140/90	33.5 (0.9)	8.6 (1.0)		1 [Reference]
Yes: SR−, BP≥140/90	9.4 (0.4)	9.0 (1.2)		0.76 (0.52 to 1.10)	0.15
Yes: SR+, BP<140/90, no BP medication	2.3 (0.3)	13.1 (3.4)		1.72 (0.94 to 3.14)	0.08
Yes: SR+, BP≥140/90, no BP medication	1.6 (0.2)	15.6 (5.1)		1.48 (0.69 to 3.21)	0.32
Yes: SR+, BP<140/90, ≥1 BP medication	29.5 (0.8)	62.3 (1.5)		13.2 (9.85 to 17.8)	<0.001
Yes: SR+, BP≥140/90, ≥1 BP medication	23.7 (0.6)	56.0 (1.7)		9.94 (7.42 to 13.3)	<0.001
Cardiac failure			<0.001
No	91.7 (0.4)	32.9 (0.8)		1 [Reference]
Yes	8.3 (0.4)	57.3 (2.5)		1.93 (1.57 to 2.38)	<0.001
Prior myocardial infarction			<0.001
No	90.5 (0.4)	32.8 (0.8)		1 [Reference]
Yes	9.5 (0.4)	55.2 (2.3)		1.73 (1.41 to 2.13)	<0.001

ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SR−, no by self-report; SR+, yes by self-report.

^aImpaired kidney function defined by eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m² by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation or albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g.

^bChi-squared test.

^cLogistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.

^dDiabetes mellitus status is defined by self-reported history and hemoglobin A_1c.

^eHypertension status is defined by self-reported history and resting BP (in millimeters of mercury); it is further characterized by use of any self-described antihypertensive medication (BP medication) among those who are SR+.