Table 1.

Capturing the necessary preconditions for ES benefit realization.

Filter	When is the filter particularly relevant?	Primary influence on flows of ES benefits	Descriptors and parameters	Methods
Infrastructure	When supply and demand do not coincide or where benefits are dependent on additional facilities or mediation	Functional connectivity between types of GBI and areas for housing, services and work. Physical barriers (for good and bad) and gray influence on the biophysical environment (externalities), creating need.	Quality, character and interconnections of infrastructures, network structure and topology, relations between source and demand, transportation options	Spatial analyses of urban morphology, environmental quality monitoring and modeling, mapping and modeling mobility options
Institutions	When benefits are strongly associated with either active use (of a resource) or a clear good (especially when the good is in limited supply). Institutions also have a second-order effect on benefit distribution or accessibility by regulating mobility.	Regulation of planning design and practical management and use. Articulation of values and goals or agenda setting. Restrictions to public access, formally or informally regulating activities that enable different benefits (e.g., recreation).	Land ownership and tenure rights, content of policy and access to policy formation processes including influence on value articulating institutions, actor mandates, social norms, management rules, policy alignment	Policy analysis by the use of documents, interviews and modeling. Participatory, multistakeholder assessments
Perceptions	When benefits are subjective, cocreated, intangible, relational or context dependent	Individual differences in how opportunities afforded by infrastructure and institutions are perceived and valued, relational dimensions of value, knowledge as an enabling factor	Demographics, socioeconomic status, value orientations, knowledge (available and held), learning	Interviews, questionnaires, behavioral or preference observation, modeling ­ (agent-based models)