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Effects of surgery and CMS on behavior and dDG BDNF levels in young rats. We tested whether the surgeries augmented the behavioral effects of CMS in young rats and altered dDG BDNF expression levels. Sham surgeries were or were not performed before initiation of the CMS procedure. Then, sucrose preference (A) and home-cage locomotion (B) were measured. In addition, the effect of CMS or surgery on dDG BDNF expression was measured (C). Values are presented as mean ± SEM (*p < 0.05).
