Table 1.
Pre and Post test scores in psychological measures (mean ± SEM)
| PS-training |
Control |
Planned contrast | p valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |||
| Simple PS | ||||||
| Word–Color task (items) | 68.5 ± 1.7 | 78.9 ± 2.2 | 73.8 ± 1.3 | 80.2 ± 1.2 | PS-training > control | 0.042** |
| Color–Word task (items) | 53.4 ± 1.7 | 58.0 ± 2.0 | 52.9 ± 1.4 | 55.3 ± 1.7 | PS-training > control | 0.059* |
| Nonverbal reasoning | ||||||
| RAPMb (score) | 26.2 ± 0.9 | 28.5 ± 0.8 | 28.1 ± 0.8 | 30.1 ± 0.9 | PS-training > control | 0.618 |
| CCFTc (score) | 30.3 ± 1.1 | 34.3 ± 0.5 | 29.8 ± 1.0 | 35.0 ± 1.3 | PS-training > control | 0.882 |
| WM | ||||||
| Digit span (score) | 33.3 ± 1.2 | 33.9 ± 1.3 | 36.5 ± 1.9 | 37.6 ± 1.7 | PS-training > control | 0.914 |
| Visuospatial WM (score) | 26.8 ± 0.8 | 26.3 ± 0.6 | 29.8 ± 1.2 | 30.6 ± 1.2 | PS-training > control | 0.984 |
| Intelligence test with speeded tasks | ||||||
| Tanaka B type intelligence test | 109.7 ± 2.6 | 123.2 ± 2.8 | 118.7 ± 2.8 | 127.6 ± 2.8 | PS-training > control | 0.055* |
| Inhibition | ||||||
| Reverse Stroop task (items) | 60.2 ± 1.3 | 65.1 ± 2.2 | 61.3 ± 1.6 | 66.0 ± 1.5 | PS-training > control | 0.418 |
| Stroop task (items) | 47.4 ± 1.5 | 51.4 ± 2.1 | 47.8 ± 1.6 | 51.0 ± 1.7 | PS-training > control | 0.349 |
| Arithmetic | ||||||
| Simple arithmetic (items) | 32.0 ± 1.2 | 33.6 ± 1.5 | 33.0 ± 1.1 | 35.0 ± 1.3 | PS-training > control | 0.636 |
| Complex arithmetic (items) | 6.20 ± 0.49 | 7.67 ± 0.54 | 7.03 ± 0.44 | 7.65 ± 0.52 | PS-training > control | 0.017** |
| Creativity | ||||||
| S-A creativity test (total grade) | 26.5 ± 1.2 | 27.5 ± 1.2 | 26.1 ± 1.4 | 27.0 ± 1.3 | two-tailed | 0.438 |
aOne-way ANCOVAs with test–retest differences in psychological measures as dependent variables and Pre test scores of the psychological measures as covariate.
bRaven's Advanced Progressive Matrices.
cCattell's Culture Fair Test.
*p > 0.1,
**p > 0.05.