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. 2011 Feb 16;31(7):2421–2430. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5759-10.2011

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Monosynaptic connections exist between GnRH neurons and AVPV neurons. All stimulation artifacts (partly removed) are indicated by filled squares (■) while the response of cell is indicated by *. A, Current (upper) and voltage (lower) traces from a GnRH neuron that was activated synaptically by AVPV stimulation. In one case the evoked current was able to trigger an action potential. B, Current trace (upper) from a GnRH neuron that had its cell body or dendrite activated by AVPV stimulation. This response disappeared when the cell was held at −30 mV (dashed line). Lower trace shows voltage trace with the action potential immediately following first pulse but failing at the second pulse 30 ms later, indicating the evoked action potential was unable to follow high-frequency stimulation and it was not an antidromic action potential spike. C, Traces from a GnRH neuron that likely had its axon stimulated by the AVPV stimulation. Upper trace (current) shows the activation of a very large current (*truncated at 4 nA) with a delay of ∼2 ms. Lower trace (voltage) shows that this can follow high-frequency (100 Hz) stimulation, suggesting antidromic nature. D, Monosynaptic currents in GnRH neurons. D1, Current trace showing that the synaptic current evoked in GnRH neurons can follow 4 pulses (p1–p4) at 10 Hz stimulation with only a small variance of latency. D2, The same currents with baseline reset to zero and overlaid. D1 and D2 have the same amplitude scale but different time scale. E, The specificity of electrical stimulation. E1, Schematic diagram showing the anatomical relationship between a recorded GnRH neuron (gray) and the location of the stimulating electrode in the AVPV and LPOA. E2, Representative current traces from a GnRH neuron activated by the AVPV (solid line) and then LPOA (dotted line). 3V, Third ventricle. F, Representative current traces from a GnRH neuron activated by AVPV electrical stimulation (F1) and then a puff of glutamate (F2, expanded in F3) into the AVPV area between two poles of electrical stimulation electrode.