Table 3.
Regions showing increased activation associated with the contrasts of voluntary cough > saline challenge, evoked cough > saline challenge, and suppressed cough > saline challenge
| Region | Voluntary cough > saline challenge |
Evoked cough > saline challenge |
Suppressed cough > saline challenge |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak voxel coordinate |
Z score | Peak voxel coordinate |
Z score | Peak voxel coordinate |
Z score | |||||||
| x | y | z | x | y | z | x | y | z | ||||
| Cingulate cortex | 2 | 24 | 20 | 5.01 | 4 | 22 | 22 | 4.74 | 2 | 38 | 10 | 3.76 |
| 4 | 10 | 34 | 3.92 | 8 | 8 | 32 | 4.20 | 8 | 34 | 20 | 4.24 | |
| 4 | 4 | 32 | 3.92 | 8 | −4 | 40 | 3.96 | 12 | 4 | 48 | 3.65 | |
| −2 | 24 | 20 | 4.80 | −2 | 22 | 20 | 5.15 | −2 | 24 | 22 | 4.90 | |
| −2 | 4 | 38 | 4.18 | −4 | 10 | 34 | 4.34 | −6 | 20 | 32 | 4.29 | |
| −2 | −10 | 40 | 3.88 | −8 | −12 | 36 | 4.28 | |||||
| Superior frontal gyrus | −12 | 16 | 62 | 3.25 | ||||||||
| Middle frontal gyrus | 12 | −12 | 50 | 3.43 | ||||||||
| SMA | 0 | 0 | 62 | 4.38 | 10 | −4 | 62 | 3.44 | 10 | 8 | 52 | 2.97 |
| −10 | 2 | 52 | 3.16 | −10 | 6 | 54 | 2.88 | |||||
| Premotor cortex | 56 | 0 | 42 | 3.25 | ||||||||
| −62 | −4 | 34 | 2.91 | |||||||||
| Sensorimotor cortex | 24 | −28 | 60 | 3.80 | 22 | −28 | 60 | 4.03 | ||||
| −20 | −32 | 64 | 3.84 | −22 | −32 | 62 | 4.27 | |||||
| 48 | −10 | 48 | 3.23 | 60 | −4 | 42 | 4.49 | 40 | −10 | 26 | 3.81 | |
| −50 | −6 | 46 | 3.15 | −62 | −8 | 36 | 4.80 | −40 | −16 | 32 | 4.81 | |
| 46 | −12 | 30 | 4.31 | 42 | −8 | 30 | 4.69 | 42 | −6 | 12 | 4.13 | |
| −40 | −10 | 30 | 4.97 | −40 | −14 | 32 | 4.66 | −52 | −8 | 18 | 5.06 | |
| Operculum | 56 | −2 | 16 | 3.28 | 56 | −10 | 18 | 3.82 | 60 | −4 | 10 | 4.95 |
| −48 | −10 | 16 | 4.68 | −50 | −8 | 18 | 4.92 | −58 | −2 | 10 | 4.05 | |
| Inferior parietal lobule | 56 | −30 | 26 | 3.58 | ||||||||
| −52 | −42 | 24 | 3.56 | |||||||||
| Paracentral lobule | 0 | −42 | 64 | 3.55 | ||||||||
| Precuneus | 12 | −30 | 44 | 3.61 | ||||||||
| −12 | −38 | 46 | 3.95 | |||||||||
| Anterior insula | 34 | 12 | 4 | 3.14 | 40 | 16 | −8 | 4.78 | ||||
| −28 | 20 | 2 | 3.01 | −30 | 12 | 4 | 3.35 | −32 | 14 | −8 | 4.60 | |
| Mid-insula | 40 | −10 | 8 | 3.25 | 34 | −12 | 8 | 3.38 | 34 | 12 | 4 | 5.24 |
| −36 | −10 | 8 | 4.72 | −36 | −14 | 6 | 5.28 | −30 | 14 | 0 | 4.51 | |
| Posterior insula | 34 | −24 | 12 | 2.95 | 38 | −26 | 12 | 4.31 | 38 | 0 | −6 | 4.60 |
| −32 | −22 | 10 | 3.13 | −32 | −26 | 10 | 4.34 | −32 | −12 | 8 | 4.33 | |
| Caudate | 14 | 16 | 4 | 3.30 | ||||||||
| Thalamus | 16 | −24 | 6 | 3.14 | 14 | −18 | 2 | 3.53 | 8 | −16 | 2 | 3.06 |
| −18 | −20 | 4 | 3.28 | −14 | −22 | 2 | 4.11 | −10 | −16 | −2 | 4.27 | |
| −8 | −4 | 0 | 3.20 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 2.92 | |||||
| −4 | −4 | 4 | 2.97 | |||||||||
| Midbrain | 6 | −26 | −6 | 3.73 | 12 | −18 | −8 | 4.47 | 12 | −14 | −8 | 3.10 |
| −4 | −26 | −2 | 3.74 | −10 | −20 | −6 | 4.92 | −10 | −16 | −6 | 3.70 | |
| 6 | −30 | −12 | 4.08 | 6 | −28 | −8 | 4.25 | |||||
| −8 | −24 | −12 | 4.40 | −4 | −28 | −10 | 4.50 | |||||
| Pons | 8 | −30 | −26 | 2.90 | 8 | −30 | −24 | 3.53 | 8 | −38 | −34 | 3.37 |
| −6 | −36 | −26 | 2.99 | −8 | −34 | −28 | 3.75 | −4 | −36 | −32 | 3.07 | |
| Rostral medulla | 10 | −38 | −54 | 3.10 | 6 | −40 | −52 | 3.45 | ||||
| −4 | −38 | −50 | 3.34 | −4 | −38 | −52 | 3.45 | |||||
| Caudal medulla | 8 | −38 | −60 | 4.08 | 2 | −38 | −66 | 4.28 | ||||
| −4 | −42 | −68 | 4.65 | |||||||||
| Cerebellum | 20 | −70 | −24 | 4.99 | 4 | −46 | −24 | 4.96 | 4 | −52 | −18 | 3.89 |
| −14 | −44 | −24 | 4.01 | −8 | −50 | −22 | 5.05 | 14 | −62 | −18 | 3.89 | |
| −24 | −64 | −26 | 4.57 | −8 | −62 | −22 | 5.46 | −18 | −72 | −22 | 3.58 | |
The coordinates of maximally activated voxels are given in MNI space where x, y, and z coordinates represent the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior distances (in millimeters) from the anterior commissure. SMA, Supplementary motor area.
All activations identified at cluster-level significance of p < 0.05 (corrected).