Table 4.

Regional brain activity associated with cough and capsaicin exhalation

Region	Cough				Capsaicin
	Peak voxel coordinate			Z score	Peak voxel coordinate			Z score
	x	y	z		x	y	z
PMC					−12	−24	58	2.97
SMA	−8	−10	62	3.57
	8	−6	60	2.87	10	−4	50	3.14
aMCC					−8	22	22	4.03
	0	24	20	4.66	6	16	30	3.82
pMCC					−6	−10	36	4.07
	0	−6	38	3.60	8	−12	36	4.46
M1	−22	−32	58	4.25
	26	−28	58	4.33	15	62	56	4.58
S1	−54	−6	26	4.55	−52	−4	24	3.79
	44	−8	30	4.33	52	−2	26	3.96
S2	−48	−10	16	4.41	−56	−6	8	4.52
	56	−10	16	3.26	52	−2	8	3.87
pINS	−36	−14	8	4.86	−34	−12	4	4.21
	42	−8	8	3.00	36	−4	2	4.85
amINS	−30	18	6	2.32	−32	12	8	3.45
					32	22	4	3.14
Thalamus	−14	−22	0	3.45	−10	−16	−2	4.85
	16	−20	4	3.30	8	−14	0	3.48
Midbrain	−10	−26	−12	4.74	−10	−14	−6	4.38
	6	−26	−6	4.37	10	−14	−6	4.19
Pons	−6	−36	−26	3.85	−6	−34	−24	3.57
	6	−30	−22	3.20	4	−34	−32	3.46
RVM	−6	−36	−50	2.95	−2	−34	−56	3.68
CVM	−6	−42	−62	4.31	−2	−40	−66	4.30
Cerebellum	−6	−62	−22	5.29	−8	−50	−20	3.59
	2	−62	22	4.91	4	−50	−24	3.94

The main effect for cough was determined by contrasting coughing events with noncoughing events (evoked cough + voluntary cough > suppressed cough + saline challenge). The main effect for capsaicin was determined by contrasting capsaicin events with saline events (evoked cough + suppressed cough > voluntary cough + saline challenge). The coordinates of maximally activated voxels are given in MNI space where x, y, and z coordinates represent the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior distances (in millimeters) from the anterior commissure. PMC, Premotor cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; aMCC, anterior mid-cingulate cortex; pMCC, posterior mid-cingulate cortex; M1, primary motor cortex; S1, primary somatosensory cortex; S2, secondary somatosensory cortex; pINS, posterior insula cortex; amINS, anterior/mid-insula cortex; RVM, rostral ventral medulla; CVM, caudal ventral medulla.

All activations identified at cluster-level significance of p < 0.05 (corrected).