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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 11.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Neurosci. 2018 Oct 17;42(1):4–13. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.09.007

Table 1:

Examples of triggers proposed to spark PD pathogenic process.

Triggers Examples References
Gastrointestinal microbiota perturbations Increased Lactobacillus [21]
Reduced Prevotella [21]

Pathogens Hepatitis B and C [75]
Norovirus [11]
M. paratuberculosis [53]

Air pollution Particulate matter [76]
Carbon monoxide [76]

Pesticides Rotenone [23]
Paraquat [23]

Heavy metals Iron [77]
Copper [77]
Manganese [77]

Head trauma Traumatic brain injury [78]