Table 2.
Associations between counts of communities with high levels of sociodemographic and climatic features, and high smoking proportion, accounting for potential confounders (n=70, 95% CIs calculated using exact methods (mid-p))
| Exposure | OR (95% CI) | Stratifying variable | OR (95% CI) (high condition or coastal region) |
OR (95% CI) (low condition or central region) |
Breslow-Day test of homogeneity | Pooled OR (95% CI) |
| Population size | 6.25 (2.18 to 17.95)*** | Age | 18.20 (2.96 to 139.00)*** | 3.30 (0.80 to 13.92) | 0.134 | 6.44 (2.27 to 19.81)*** |
| Income | 4.27 (0.95 to 19.29) | 7.65 (1.56 to 38.03)** | 0.589 | 5.35 (1.90 to 15.95)** | ||
| Education | 8.50 (1.65 to 47.26)* | 4.57 (0.98 to 21.87) | 0.578 | 5.81 (2.01 to 18.11)** | ||
| Employment | 4.06 (0.92 to 18.84) | 15.00 (2.55 to 113.26)** | 0.258 | 6.88 (2.36 to 22.19)*** | ||
| Overcrowding | 5.11 (1.14 to 23.81)* | 9.33 (1.86 to 50.93)** | 0.584 | 6.41 (2.26 to 19.72)*** | ||
| Geographic connectivity† | 2.92 (0.53 to 15.91) | 16.00 (1.98 to 141.91)** | 0.192 | 5.66 (1.67 to 20.72)** | ||
| Region | 5.66 (1.36 to 23.67)* | 3.20 (0.41 to 23.38) | 0.633 | 4.43 (1.47 to 13.92)** | ||
| Education | 3.67 (1.35 to 10.01)* | Population size | 4.96 (0.97 to 27.80)* | 2.67 (0.56 to 13.04) | 0.578 | 3.47 (1.18 to 10.79)* |
| Age | 3.78 (0.85 to 17.67) | 4.50 (1.03 to 20.58)* | 0.868 | 3.96 (1.45 to 11.51)** | ||
| Income | 4.81 (1.01 to 25.98) | 4.81 (1.01 to 25.98) | 1.000 | 4.59 (1.59 to 14.62)** | ||
| Employment | 0.68 (0.12 to 3.43) | 26.67 (3.03 to 621.30)*** | 0.005 | – | ||
| Overcrowding | 4.36 (0.73 to 34.91) | 11.90 (1.44 to 284.38)* | 0.485 | 6.45 (1.75 to 30.92)** | ||
| Geographic connectivity† | ∞ (2.68 to ∞)** | 1.00 (0.16 to 5.69) | 0.016 | – | ||
| Region | 0.72 (0.13 to 3.25) | 10.00 (0.56 to 307.27) | 0.066 | 1.37 (0.36 to 4.86) | ||
| Heavy rain | 3.67 (1.35 to 10.01)* | Population size | 4.75 (0.93 to 24.21)* | 1.42 (0.28 to 6.70) | 0.274 | 2.50 (0.85 to 7.44) |
| Age | 18.20 (2.96 to 139.00)*** | 1.29 (0.33 to 5.02) | 0.016 | – | ||
| Income | 4.82 (1.06 to 22.78)* | 2.80 (0.65 to 12.18) | 0.603 | 3.51 (1.28 to 10.05)* | ||
| Education | 0.57 (0.07 to 3.34) | 10.50 (1.61 to 84.86)** | 0.020 | – | ||
| Employment | 1.28 (0.25 to 6.25) | 9.50 (1.55 to 74.66)* | 0.089 | 3.12 (1.03 to 9.89)* | ||
| Overcrowding | 7.11 (1.24 to 54.83)* | 3.50 (0.71 to 19.50) | 0.553 | 4.67 (1.51 to 16.28)** | ||
| Geographic connectivity† | ∞ (2.68 to ∞)** | 3.25 (0.56 to 18.53) | 0.091 | 7.25 (1.86 to 33.39)** | ||
| Region | 0.64 (0.08 to 3.59) | No data | No data | – | ||
| Income | 2.86 (1.07 to 7.67)* | Population size | 1.78 (0.37 to 8.28) | 3.19 (0.66 to 15.71) | 0.589 | 2.31 (0.80 to 6.83) |
| Age | 2.57 (0.61 to 10.81) | 3.10 (0.76 to 12.67) | 0.852 | 2.74 (1.04 to 7.43)* | ||
| Education | 3.90 (0.82 to 21.18) | 3.90 (0.82 to 21.18) | 1.000 | 3.75 (1.29 to 11.93)* | ||
| Employment | 3.60 (0.84 to 15.69) | 2.17 (0.52 to 8.97) | 0.615 | 2.70 (1.01 to 7.41)* | ||
| Overcrowding | 2.60 (0.59 to 12.18) | 4.67 (0.97 to 25.35) | 0.589 | 3.33 (1.18 to 10.07)* | ||
| Geographic connectivity† | 2.75 (0.56 to 14.03) | 3.14 (0.56 to 19.17) | 0.909 | 2.81 (0.91 to 9.16) | ||
| Region | 2.18 (0.57 to 8.34) | 4.00 (0.54 to 35.79) | 0.608 | 2.58 (0.89 to 7.80) | ||
| Heat | 2.86 (1.07 to 7.67)* | Population size | 1.50 (0.32 to 6.94) | 4.96 (0.97 to 27.80)* | 0.277 | 2.59 (0.90 to 7.77) |
| Age | 7.22 (1.28 to 55.09)* | 2.45 (0.57 to 11.30) | 0.344 | 3.80 (1.31 to 12.04)* | ||
| Income | 2.31 (0.55 to 9.97) | 3.94 (0.88 to 18.40) | 0.606 | 2.90 (1.07 to 8.23)* | ||
| Education | 0.31 (0.04 to 1.72) | 13.33 (2.30 to 79.93)** | 0.001 | – | ||
| Employment | 0.55 (0.10 to 2.66) | 12.67 (2.06 to 98.54)** | 0.007 | - | ||
| Overcrowding | 9.17 (1.82 to 50.20)** | 1.10 (0.27 to 4.43) | 0.043 | – | ||
| Geographic connectivity† | ∞ (5.44 to ∞)*** | 0.80 (0.15 to 4.25) | 0.002 | – | ||
| Region | 0.15 (0.01 to 1.07)* | ∞ (2.61 to ∞)** | <0.001 | – | ||
| Employment | 2.25 (0.85 to 5.94) | Population size | 1.63 (0.35 to 7.91) | 6.00 (1.06 to 46.31)* | 0.258 | 2.88 (0.97 to 9.28) |
| Age | 2.75 (0.65 to 11.89) | 2.04 (0.51 to 8.16) | 0.762 | 2.30 (0.88 to 6.19) | ||
| Income | 2.80 (0.65 to 12.18) | 1.69 (0.40 to 7.03) | 0.615 | 2.18 (0.79 to 5.80) | ||
| Education | 0.17 (0.01 to 1.35) | 6.67 (1.20 to 39.16)* | 0.008 | – | ||
| Overcrowding | 2.73 (0.54 to 15.53) | 2.73 (0.54 to 15.53) | 1.000 | 2.65 (0.87 to 8.66) | ||
| Geographic connectivity† | 6.67 (0.95 to 56.74)* | 0.79 (0.13 to 4.38) | 0.091 | 2.05 (0.61 to 6.91) | ||
| Region | 0.32 (0.04 to 1.63) | 4.75 (0.37 to 53.66) | 0.040 | – |
***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05.
†n=56 (mainland communities only).