Table 3. Demographics for study participants who did and did not develop BV during pregnancy a .
| BV developed during pregnancy ( n = 16) a | No BV developed during pregnancy ( n = 216) | p -Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) b | 26.5 (±5.1) | 29 (±4.7) | 0.022 |
| BMI b | 26.1 (±7.5) | 26.0 (±5.7) | 0.13 |
| Gravidity c | 3 (2–4) | 2 (1–3) | 0.43 |
| Parity c | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.19 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 4 (25%) | 90 (41.7%) | 0.42 |
| African American | 6 (37.5%) | 62 (28.7%) | |
| Hispanic | 6 (37.5%) | 64 (29.6%) | |
| Insurance type | |||
| Self-pay/none | 4 (25%) | 51 (23.6%) | 0.32 |
| Public insurance | 7 (43.8%) | 60 (27.8%) | |
| Private insurance | 5 (31.3%) | 105 (48.6%) | |
| Highest education level | |||
| More than high school | 8/16 (50%) | 142/216 (65.7%) | 0.21 |
| Less than high school | 8/16 (50%) | 74/216 (34.2%) | |
| Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy | |||
| Gonorrhea | 1/16 (6.3%) | 1/216 (0.46%) | 0.14 |
| Chlamydia | 2/16 (12.5%) | 9/216 (4.2%) | 0.17 |
| Trichomonas | 1/16 (6.3%) | 8/216 (3.7%) | 0.48 |
| Syphilis | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Herpes simplex virus | 1/16 (6.3%) | 9/215 (4.19%) | 0.52 |
| HIV (prevalent) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mean 25(OH)D concentration in pregnancy (ng/mL) | |||
| 8–15 wk (visit 1) | 22.05 (±8.4) | 26.3 (±9.6) | 0.72 |
| 21–28 wk (visit 4) | 36.5 (±12.8) | 38.7 (±15.1) | 0.61 |
| 31–41 wk (visit 7) | 47.6 (±15.9) | 42.2 (±19.0) | 0.98 |
| Pregnancy outcome of interest | |||
| Gestational HTN | 0 | 8/216 (3.7%) | 1.0 |
| Preeclampsia | 0 | 9/216 (4.2%) | 1.0 |
| Chorioamnionitis | 1/16 (6.3%) | 6/216 (2.8%) | 0.4 |
| Preterm birth | 1/16 (6.3%) | 9/216 (4.2%) | 0.52 |
| Vitamin D treatment group allocation | |||
| Treatment group (vitamin D supplement = 4,000 IU) | 10/16 (62.5%) | 114/216 (52.8%) | 0.45 |
Abbreviations: BV, bacterial vaginosis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HTN, hypertension; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
a
Women with BV at baseline were excluded from this analysis.
b
Continuous variables are reported as mean values with standard deviation. Univariate analysis performed by Wilcoxon's rank-sum test.
c
Median with interquartile range. Categorical variables were analyzed by chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.