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. 2019 Jul 11;9:10060. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46471-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Heterogeneous iron distribution has been shown in iron positive cells of COPD (GOLD IV) patients’ lung tissue. Top panel shows representative (a) total ion image, (b) the iron ion signal image, and (c) the overlay of the two images obtained from COPD (GOLD IV) patients’ lung tissue using delayed extraction mode in ToF-SIMS instrument. Bottom panel shows a region of image (a) further magnified and their corresponding (d) total ion image, (e) iron ion signal image and (f) the overlay of both. Figure 2g shows a consecutive section of Perls’ Prussian blue/ nuclear fast red stained COPD (GOLD IV) patient lung tissue including alveolar macrophages (tentatively identified). Scale bar for figure (a–c) 50µm and figure (d–g) 20µm.