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. 2019 Jul 11;9:10060. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46471-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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OPLS-DA analysis of positive mode data from the ToF-SIMS analysis of 3 human lung samples per group (healthy donor and COPD (GOLD IV)) with n = 3 replicates per sample. (a) Score plot of the ToF-SIMS data showing distinctive separation between healthy donors’ (Green dots) and COPD (GOLD IV) (Blue dots) samples. This model explains 85% of the variation in the data set (R2X cumulative) with predictive power of 0.83% (Q² cumulative). (b) Corresponding loading plot representing the m/z peaks with strong impact on the separation between the two groups.