Table 3.
Pharmacokinetics properties of beta‐adrenergic blocking agents (with permission from Frishman22 and publisher)
| Drug | Extent of absorption (% of dose) | Bioavailability (% of dose) | Major first–pass hepatic metabolism | Lipid solubility |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atenolol | ≈50 | ≈40 | No | Low |
| Betaxolol | >90 | ≈80 | No | Low |
| Bisoprolol | ≈90 | ≈88 | No | Low |
| Carvedilol | >90 | ≈30 | Yes | Moderate |
| Labetalol | >90 | ≈33 | Yes | Moderate |
| Metoprolol | >90 | ≈50 | Yes | Moderate |
| Nadolol | ≈30 | ≈30 | No | Low |
| Nebivolol | >90 | 12‐96 | Yes | Lowa |
| Oxprenolol | ≈90 | 19‐74 | Yes | Moderate |
| Pindolol | >90 | ≈90 | No | Moderate |
| Propranolol | >90 | 30‐70 | Yes | High |
| Sotalol | >80b | ≈90 | No | Low |
| Timolol | >90 | ≈75 | Yes | Low‐moderate |