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. 2019 Jul 5;10:835. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00835

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Cellular machinery involved in ubiquitination. protein ubiquitination is driven by E1 (ubiquitin-activating), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating), and E3 (ubiquitin-ligating) enzymes. Three distinct classes of ubiquitin ligases—RING/U-box (top), HECT (middle), and RBR (bottom)—utilize different structural mechanisms for mediating the final transfer of ubiquitin onto substrates.