Table 1. Patient Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics .
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Cohort (N = 86 356) | Sustained Opioid Use | |||
| Yes (n = 6365) | No (n = 79 991) | |||
| Age, y | ||||
| 18-24 | 10 628 (12.3) | 379 (6.0) | 10 249 (12.8) | <.001 |
| 25-34 | 11 834 (13.7) | 599 (9.4) | 11 235 (14.0) | |
| 35-44 | 9990 (11.6) | 709 (11.1) | 9281 (11.6) | |
| 45-54 | 18 609 (21.5) | 1570 (24.7) | 17 039 (21.3) | |
| 55-64 | 35 295 (40.9) | 3108 (48.8) | 32 187 (40.2) | |
| Race | ||||
| White | 49 338 (57.1) | 3417 (53.7) | 45 921 (57.4) | <.001 |
| Black | 9713 (11.2) | 630 (9.9) | 9083 (11.4) | |
| Others | 10 458 (12.1) | 648 (10.2) | 9810 (12.3) | |
| Missing | 16 847 (19.5) | 1670 (26.2) | 15 177 (19.0) | |
| Female | 37 529 (43.5) | 3483 (54.7) | 34 046 (42.6) | <.001 |
| Married | 70 113 (81.2) | 5495 (86.3) | 64 618 (80.8) | <.001 |
| Lower socioeconomic status | 67 552 (78.2) | 5319 (83.6) | 62 233 (77.8) | <.001 |
| Nonhome discharge | 700 (0.8) | 89 (1.4) | 611 (0.8) | <.001 |
| Procedure category | ||||
| Minor | 32 248 (37.3) | 1359 (21.4) | 30 889 (38.6) | <.001 |
| Major | 54 108 (62.7) | 5006 (78.6) | 49 102 (61.4) | |
| Length of stay, d | ||||
| ≤3 | 55 462 (64.2) | 3724 (58.5) | 51 738 (64.7) | <.001 |
| >3 | 30 894 (35.8) | 2641 (41.5) | 28 253 (35.3) | |
| Intensive care unit admission | 6290 (7.3) | 514 (8.1) | 5776 (7.2) | .01 |
| Diabetes | 10 032 (11.6) | 960 (15.1) | 9072 (11.3) | <.001 |
| Liver disease | 467 (0.5) | 42 (0.7) | 425 (0.5) | .18 |
| Renal disease | 1274 (1.5) | 103 (1.6) | 1171 (1.5) | .33 |
| Any malignant neoplasm | 6468 (7.5) | 554 (8.7) | 5914 (7.4) | <.001 |
| Depression | 5372 (6.2) | 759 (11.9) | 4613 (5.8) | <.001 |
| Anxiety | 2512 (2.9) | 373 (5.9) | 2139 (2.7) | <.001 |
| Prior opioid use | ||||
| No use | 47 382 (54.9) | 46 095 (57.6) | 1287 (20.2) | <.001 |
| Prior opioid exposure | 32 309 (37.41) | 29 262 (36.6) | 3047 (47.9) | |
| Prior sustained opioid use | 6665 (7.72) | 4634 (5.8) | 2031 (31.9) | |