Table 1.

An overview of the effects of peptides on different epigenetic systems

Epigenetic mechanism	Peptide	Effect	Type	Source	Status	Reference
DNA methylation	Short peptides	Inhibition	Direct	Endogenous/synthetic	Pre-clinical	[59–61]
	Aβ	Inhibition	Indirect	Endogenous	Pre-clinical	[62–64]
	BCM7	Inhibition	Indirect	Milk	Pre-clinical	[65–67]
	GM7	Inhibition	Indirect	Wheat	Pre-clinical	[66]
Histone methylation	HIP	Inhibition	Indirect	Endogenous	Clinical	[68]
	EZH2 antagonists	Inhibition	Direct	Synthetic	Pre-clinical	[69]
	WHSC1 antagonist	Inhibition	Direct	Synthetic	Pre-clinical	[70]
Histone demethylation	LSD1 antagonists	Inhibition	Direct	Synthetic	Pre-clinical	[71]
Histone acetylation	Lunasin	Inhibition	Direct	Soybean	Clinical	[72]
Histone deacetylation	Romidepsin	Inhibition	Direct	Bacterial	Approved	[73]
	Burkholdacs	Inhibition	Direct	Bacterial	Pre-clinical	[74]
	Spiruchostatins	Inhibition	Direct	Bacterial	Pre-clinical	[75]
	Thailandepsin	Inhibition	Direct	Bacterial	Pre-clinical	[76]
	FR901375	Inhibition	Direct	Bacterial	Pre-clinical	[77]
	Largazole	Inhibition	Direct	Bacterial	Pre-clinical	[78]
	Plitidepsin	Inhibition	Direct	Tunica	Clinical	[79]
	Chlamydocin	Inhibition	Direct	Fungal	Pre-clinical	[80]
	Trapoxins	Inhibition	Direct	Bacterial	Pre-clinical	[81]
	CHAP	Inhibition	Direct	Synthetic	Pre-clinical	[82, 83]
	Apicidin	Inhibition	Direct	Bacterial	Pre-clinical	[84]
	Microsporins	Inhibition	Direct	Fungal	Pre-clinical	[85]
	Azumamides	Inhibition	Direct	Sponge	Pre-clinical	[86]
	FR235222	Inhibition	Direct	Fungal	Pre-clinical	[87]
	AS1387392	Inhibition	Direct	Fungal	Pre-clinical	[88]
miRNA	LK-L1C/K6W/L8C	miR-29b ↑	Direct	Synthetic	Pre-clinical	[89]
	LKKLLKLLKKWLKLKGX LKKLLKLLKKLWKLKGX	miR-155 ↓	Direct	Synthetic	Pre-clinical	[90]
	L50	miR-21 ↓	Direct	Synthetic	Pre-clinical	[91]
LncRNA	BNP (Nesiritide)	LSINCT5 ↑	Direct	Endogenous	Approved	[92]