Table 1.
Characteristics according to cognitive status
| Variables | T2D-NCF group | T2D-MCI group | P valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low folate (< 7.0 μg/L) (n = 23) |
High folate (≥7.0 μg/L) (n = 40) |
Total (n = 63) |
Low folate (< 7.0 μg/L) (n = 38) |
High folate (≥7.0 μg/L) (n = 25) |
Total (n = 63) |
||
| Sex | |||||||
| Men | 9 (39.1) | 13 (32.5) | 22 (34.9) | 17 (44.7) | 5 (20.0) | 22 (34.9) | > 0.999 |
| Women | 14 (60.9) | 27 (67.5) | 41 (65.1) | 21 (55.3) | 20 (80.0) | 41 (65.1) | |
| Education | |||||||
| No education | 5 (21.7) | 8 (20.0) | 13 (20.6) | 7 (18.4) | 6 (24.0) | 13 (20.6) | > 0.999 |
| 1–6 years | 5 (21.8) | 10 (25.0) | 15 (23.8) | 10 (26.3) | 5 (20.0) | 15 (23.8) | |
| ≥6 years | 13 (56.5) | 22 (55.0) | 35 (55.6) | 21 (55.3) | 14 (56.0) | 35 (55.6) | |
| Age (years) | 73.70 ± 3.10 | 74.28 ± 4.78 | 74.06 ± 4.22 | 74.55 ± 4.17 | 74.84 ± 5.01 | 74.67 ± 4.48 | 0.148 |
| MMSE | 26.65 ± 2.89 | 26.80 ± 2.84 | 26.75 ± 2.84 | 20.68 ± 3.99 | 19.92 ± 3.73 | 20.38 ± 3.68 | < 0.001 |
| ADL | 21.30 ± 1.85 | 22.13 ± 2.96 | 21.83 ± 2.62 | 22.24 ± 3.22 | 23.00 ± 3.35 | 22.54 ± 3.27 | 0.217 |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Yes | 10 (43.5) | 11 (27.5) | 21 (33.3) | 17 (44.7) | 8 (32.0) | 25 (39.7) | 0.459 |
| No | 13 (56.5) | 29 (72.5) | 42 (66.7) | 21 (55.3) | 17 (68.0) | 38 (60.3) | |
| Drinking status | |||||||
| Yes | 5 (21.7) | 9 (22.5) | 14 (22.2) | 7 (18.4) | 3 (12.0) | 10 (15.9) | 0.364 |
| No | 18 (78.3) | 31 (77.5) | 49 (77.8) | 31 (81.6) | 22 (88.0) | 53 (84.1) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.03 ± 3.78 | 25.71 ± 2.85 | 25.82 ± 3.19 | 26.41 ± 3.99 | 26.43 ± 4.07 | 26.42 ± 4.00 | 0.377 |
| Body mass index | |||||||
| < 24.0 kg/m2 | 7 (30.4) | 11 (27.5) | 18 (28.6) | 10 (26.3) | 9 (36.0) | 19 (30.2) | 0.749 |
| 24.0–28.0 kg/m2 | 8 (34.8) | 19 (47.5) | 27 (42.8) | 16 (42.1) | 7 (28.0) | 23 (36.5) | |
| ≥28.0 kg/m2 | 8 (34.8) | 10 (25.0) | 18 (28.6) | 12 (31.6) | 9 (36.0) | 21 (33.3) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137.17 ± 16.98 | 131.13 ± 18.86 | 133.33 ± 18.29 | 136.71 ± 16.78 | 131.20 ± 11.75 | 134.52 ± 15.13 | 0.677 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.96 ± 10.53 | 73.88 ± 8.59 | 75.00 ± 9.38 | 77.24 ± 8.60 | 74.40 ± 6.67 | 76.11 ± 7.95 | 0.475 |
| Diabetes Duration (years) | 15.0 (8.0, 20.0) | 16.0 (9.3, 21.5) | 16.0 (9.0, 20.0) | 14.5 (9.0, 20.0) | 15.0 (10.0, 22.0) | 15.0 (9.0, 20.0) | 0.833 |
| Anti-diabetic medications | |||||||
| OHAs | 7 (30.4) | 10 (25.0) | 17 (27.0) | 7 (18.4) | 7 (28.0) | 14 (22.2) | 0.799 |
| Insulin | 5 (21.7) | 8 (20.0) | 13 (20.6) | 10 (26.3) | 5 (20.0) | 15 (23.8) | |
| Insulin + OHAs | 11 (47.8) | 22 (55.0) | 33 (52.4) | 21 (55.3) | 13 (52.0) | 34 (54.0) | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.27 (0.98, 1.94) | 1.33 (0.97, 2.18) | 1.32 (0.98, 2.01) | 1.75 (1.14, 2.22) | 1.43 (1.19, 2.48) | 1.71 (1.15, 2.28) | 0.135 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.06 ± 0.99 | 4.97 ± 1.03 | 5.00 ± 1.00 | 5.27 ± 1.19 | 5.73 ± 0.91 | 5.45 ± 1.10 | 0.013 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.41 ± 0.40 | 1.39 ± 0.32 | 1.40 ± 0.35 | 1.31 ± 0.27 | 1.42 ± 0.30 | 1.36 ± 0.29 | 0.483 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | |||||||
| < 2.6 mmol/L | 8 (34.8) | 13 (32.5) | 21 (33.3) | 6 (15.8) | 4 (16.0) | 10 (15.9) | 0.023 |
| ≥2.6 mmol/L | 15 (65.2) | 27 (67.5) | 42 (66.7) | 32 (84.2) | 21 (84.0) | 53 (84.1) | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 9.03 ± 3.53 | 7.80 ± 1.74 | 8.25 ± 2.59 | 8.62 ± 2.58 | 9.18 ± 3.00 | 8.74 ± 2.72 | 0.338 |
| Glycated hemoglobin A1c (%) | 8.70 ± 2.53 | 7.95 ± 1.51 | 8.22 ± 1.96 | 8.34 ± 2.02 | 9.19 ± 2.64 | 8.68 ± 2.31 | 0.220 |
| < 7.0% | 5 (21.7) | 14 (35.0) | 19 (30.2) | 6 (15.8) | 4 (16.0) | 10 (15.9) | 0.057 |
| ≥7.0% | 18 (78.3) | 26 (65.0) | 44 (69.8) | 32 (84.2) | 21 (84.0) | 53 (84.1) | |
| Hypertension | |||||||
| Yes | 19 (82.6) | 23 (57.5) | 42 (66.7) | 28 (73.7) | 18 (72.0) | 48 (73.0) | 0.437 |
| No | 4 (17.4) | 17 (42.5) | 21 (33.3) | 10 (26.3) | 7 (28.0) | 17 (27.0) | |
| Diabetic retinopathy | |||||||
| Yes | 4 (17.4) | 8 (20.0) | 12 (19.0) | 16 (42.1) | 11 (44.0) | 27 (42.9) | 0.004 |
| No | 19 (82.6) | 32 (80.0) | 51 (81.0) | 22 (57.9) | 14 (56.0) | 36 (57.1) | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | |||||||
| Yes | 4 (17.4) | 8 (20.0) | 12 (19.0) | 15 (39.5) | 11 (44.0) | 26 (41.3) | 0.007 |
| No | 19 (82.6) | 32 (80.0) | 51 (81.0) | 23 (60.5) | 14 (56.0) | 37 (58.7) | |
Data are means ± standard deviation, median (inter-quartile range), or n (%)
T2D-NCF Type 2 diabetes with normal cognitive function, T2D-MCI Type 2 diabetes with mild cognitive impairment, ADL Activities of daily living, MMSE Mini-mental state examination, OHAs Oral hypoglycemic agents, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
a P value was are significant difference between normal cognitive function group and mild cognitive impairment group