Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Study | Research center | HR sample | HR definition | Personality assessment instrument | Personality variable | Study Design | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bechdolf et al. (32) | 9 early detection and intervention centres, Germany |
N = 156 F = 50, M = 106 Age M = 23.86 years (SD = 4.89) |
SIPS; SPI-A |
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) | DSM-IV personality disorders | Longitudinal randomized controlled trial (RCT) | |
| Cannon et al. (33) | NAPLS |
N = 364 F = 124, M = 240 Age M = 18.3 years (SD = 9.75 |
SIPS | SIPS defined schizotypal personality disorder (presence of only at least one year required) | Schizotypal personality disorder | Longitudinal | Same sample of Woods et al. (34) |
| Falkenberg et al. (35) | OASIS, UK |
N = 221 F = 104, M = 117 Age M = 22.6 years (SD = 4.7) |
CAARMS; SPI-A |
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) | DSM-IV personality disorders | Longitudinal | |
| Gerstenberg et al. (36) | Switzerland |
N = 21 F = 11, M = 10 Age M = 15.00 years (SD = 1.4) |
SIPS | Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV) | DSM-IV personality disorders | Cross-sectional | Psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents with nonpsychotic disorders |
| Klosterkötter et al. (37) | CER, Germany |
N = 110 F = 51, M = 59 Age M = 28.8 years (SD = 9.75) |
BSABS | PSE9 | DSM-III personality disorders | Longitudinal | |
| Kotlicka-Antczak et al. (38) | Center clinical hospital of Lodz, Poland |
N = 99 F = 54, M = 45 Age M = 19 years (SD = 3.56) |
CAARMS | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) | DSM-IV personality disorders | Cross-sectional | |
| Lee et al. (39) | Clinic FORYOU, Korea |
N = 63 F = 25, M = 38 Age M = 19.7 years (SD = 3.5) |
SIPS | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) | Schizotypal personality disorder | Cross-sectional | |
| Lencz et al. (40) | RAP, New York |
N = 42 F = 17, M = 25 Age M = 16.4 years (SD = 2.3) |
SIPS | Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV) | DSM-IV personality disorders | Cross-sectional | |
| Lim et al. (41) | Seoul Youth Clinic, Korea |
N = 129 F = NR, M = NR Age M = 20.74 years (SD = 3.2) |
SIPS | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) | DSM-IV personality disorders | Longitudinal | |
| Rosen et al. (42) | PRIME, USA |
N = 29 F = 15, M = 14 Age M = 18.4 years (SD = 4.8) |
SIPS | Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (DIPD-IV) | DSM-IV personality disorders | Cross-sectional | |
| Ruhrmann et al. (43) | EPOS project, Europe |
N = 245 F = 108, M = 137 Age M = 23.0 years (SD = 5.2) |
SIPS; BSABS-P | SIPS defined schizotypal personality disorder (presence of only at least one year required) | Schizotypal personality disorder | Longitudinal | |
| Ryan et al. (44) | PACE, Australia |
N = 131 F = 83, M = 48 Age M = range from 15 to 24 |
CAARMS | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) | Borderline personality disorder | Longitudinal | |
| Schultze-Lutter et al. (45) | Cologne early detection and intervention service, FETZ, Germany |
N = 100 F = 24, M = 76 Age M = 24 years (SD = 6) |
SPI-A | Self-report version of the Aachener Merkmalsliste für Persönlichkeitsstörungen (SAMPS) | Personality traits and disorders | Case control study (converters vs. non-converters) | |
| Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones et al. (46) | CAMEO Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, UK |
N = 40 F = 21, M = 19 Age M = 21.65 years (SD = 2.64) |
CAARMS | Millon Multiaxial Inventory, version III (MCMI-III) | Personality traits | Cross-sectional | |
| Spada et al. (47) | Italy |
N = 22 F = 10, M = 12 Age M = 16.1 years (SD = 1.02) |
CAARMS | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) | DSM-IV personality disorders | Cross‐sectional | |
| Thompson et al. (48) | PACE, Australia |
N = 96 F = 52, M = 44 Age M = 18.3 years (SD = 2.7) |
CAARMS | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) | Borderline personality disorder | Case–control study | |
| Woods et al. (34) | NAPLS, USA |
N = 377 F = 143, M = 234 Age M = 18.2 years (SD = NR) |
SIPS | Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, or SCID-IV Axis II personality Disorders | DSM-IV personality disorders | Case–control study (converters vs non-converters) |
SIPS, Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms; CAARMS, comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states; BSABS, Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms; BSABS-P, Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms: Prediction List (49); SPI-A, Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument-Adult Version; SPI-CY, Schizophrenia. Proneness Instrument Child-Youth; NAPLS, North American Prodromal Longitudinal Study; PACE, Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation Clinic; EPOS, European Prediction of Psychosis Study; RAP, Zucker Hillside Recognition and Prevention Program; CER, Cologne Early Recognition; PRIME, Prevention through Risk Identification; PSE9, Present State Examination, Ninth Version (50).