Table 2.
Mosquito species found infected by USUV in the field and bridge vectors
| Species (bridge vector) | Country (site) | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aedes albopictus (S) | Israel (Haifa) | 2015 | [26] |
| Italy (Emilia-Romagna) | 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 | [47, 53, 67–69] | |
| Aedes japonicus | Austria (Graz) | 2018 | [66] |
| Aedes minutus (N) | Senegal (Kedegou) | 1998 | CRORA (unpublished) |
| Anopheles maculipennis sl (S) | Italy (Emilia-Romagna) | 2010, 2011 | [53, 69] |
| Culex antennatus (S) | Senegal (Barkedji) | 2012, 2013 | [70] |
| Culex modestus (P) | Czech Republic (South-Moravia) | 2013 | [71] |
| Italy (Emilia-Romagna) | 2013 | [72] | |
| Culex neavei (S) | Senegal (Barkedji) | 2003 | CRORA (unpublished) |
| Senegal (Barkedji) | 2012, 2013 | [70, 73] | |
| South Africa (Natal) | 1959 | [74] | |
| Culex perexiguus (S) | Israel (Sdeh Eliahu, Midrach) | 2015 | [26] |
| Spain (Guadalquivir Delta) | 2009 | [75] | |
| Culex perfuscus (S) | Central African Republic | 1969, 1980 | Institut Pasteur de Bangui (unpublished) |
| Senegal (Kedegou) | 1974, 1998 | CRORA (unpublished) | |
| Culex pipiens (P) | Austria (Linz, Graz) | 2018 | [66] |
| France (Camargue Delta) | 2015 | [31] | |
| Germany (Emsdetten) | 2016 | [30] | |
| Germany (Freiburg) | 2014 | [30] | |
| Germany (Leipzig) | 2015 | [76] | |
| Germany (Weinheim) | 2010 | [77] | |
| Israel (Kityat Ata) | 2014 | [26] | |
| Israel (Yeftachel) | 2015 | [26] | |
| Italy (Emilia-Romagna) | 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 | [47, 53, 67–69, 78] | |
| Italy (Friuli-Venezia-Giulia) | 2012 | [69] | |
| Italy (Lombardy) | 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014 | [69] | |
| Italy (Lazio) | 2018 | [79] | |
| Italy (Liguria) | 2014 | [69] | |
| Italy (Marche) | 2011 | [69] | |
| Italy (Molise) | 2011 | [69] | |
| Italy (Piedmont) | 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014 | [69, 80, 81] | |
| Italy (Sardinia) | 2011, 2013 | [69] | |
| Italy (Tuscany) | 2009, 2010 | [52, 69] | |
| Italy (Veneto) | 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 | [69, 82, 83] | |
| Serbia (Titel, Zrejanin) | 2014 | [29] | |
| Spain (Ebre Delta) | 2006 | [84] | |
| Switzerland (Ticino, Geneva) | 2011, 2012 | [85] | |
| Culex quinquefasciatus (P) | Ivory Coast | 2004 | CRORA (unpublished) |
| Kenya (Kisumu) | 2007–2012 | [65] | |
| Culex univittatus (group) (S) | Senegal (Barkedji) | 1993 | CRORA (unpublished) |
| Uganda (Jinja) | 2012 | [25] | |
| Culiseta annulata (P) | Italy (Molise) | 2011 | [69] |
| Mansonia africana (S) | Central African Republic | 1969, 1980 | Institut Pasteur de Bangui (unpublished) |
| Mansonia auritesa (S) | Uganda (Entebbe) | 1962 | [4] |
| Ochlerotatus caspiusb (S) | Italy (Emilia-Romagna) | 2011, 2012, 2013 | [53, 69, 72] |
| Italy (Veneto) | 2010 | [69] | |
| Ochlerotatus detritusc (P) | Italy (Molise) | 2011 | [69] |
P, potential; S, small probability; N, no probability.
Mosquito species and then countries are ordered alphabetically. Bridge vectors. P: refer to potential bridge vectors, i.e. mosquito species that readily bite birds and humans. S: refers to species with a lower probability of being bridge vectors and encompass opportunistic species that rarely bite both humans and birds, or have a low vector competence for WNV. N: refers to species that have very low or no probability of being a competent bridge vector. For Africa, USUV has been isolated only in countries in which entomological surveillance programmes have been undertaken particularly Senegal and Uganda, suggesting that its geographic distribution may be much wider than the reported detection.
Recently renamed Coquilletidia aurites.
Formerly named Aedes caspius.
Formerly named Aedes detritus.