Table 3.

Comparison of number of foods offered, food refusal, and food repertoire between children with intellectual disabilities plus probable autism spectrum disorder (ID+ASD), children with intellectual disabilities (ID), and typically developing (TD) children

	ID+ASD	ID	TD	p-value
Foods Offered and Food Refusal	(n=34)	(n=22)	(n=59)
Total Foods^a
Number of total foods offered, mean (sd)	88.8 (23.0)	98.1 (12.5)	101.8 (9.7)	0.001
Refusal rate, %	34.6	22.5	15.9	0.002
Refusal rate ratio (95% CI): ID+ASD vs. TD		2.18 (1.41 to 3.36)
Refusal rate ratio (95% CI): ID vs. TD		1.42 (0.90 to 2.24)
Fruits^b
Number of fruits offered, mean (sd)	12.8 (2.6)	12.8 (2.3)	13.5 (2.0)	0.25
Refusal rate, %	33.8	25.9	15.6	0.019
Refusal rate ratio (95% CI): ID+ASD vs. TD		2.16 (1.23 to 3.78)
Refusal rate ratio (95% CI): ID vs. TD		1.66 (0.92 to 3.00)
Vegetables^c
Number of vegetables offered, mean (sd)	15.6 (5.6)	18.5 (4.2)	19.3 (2.7)	< 0.001
Refusal rate, %	50.3	34.1	29.6	0.038
Refusal rate ratio (95% CI): ID+ASD vs. TD		1.70 (1.13 to 2.55)
Refusal rate ratio (95% CI): ID vs. TD		1.15 (0.75 to 1.77)

Food Repertoire^d	(n=30)	(n=18)	(n=55)
Total foods, mean (sd)	18.3 (6.7)	24.6 (5.5)	24.2 (5.9)	< 0.001
Fruits, mean (sd)	2.6 (1.8)	3.3 (1.9)	3.2 (1.9)	0.31
Vegetables, mean (sd)	3.1 (2.8)	5.3 (2.5)	5.1 (3.5)	0.016

calculated using all 119 items on the FFQ.

calculated using 15 fruit items on the FFQ (raisins, grapes, bananas, strawberries, other berries, melon, apples, applesauce, pears, oranges, grapefruit, peaches, pineapple, plums, apricots).

calculated using 22 vegetable items on the FFQ (tomatoes, string/green beans, baked beans, lentils/soybeans/other beans, broccoli, beets, corn, peas, mixed vegetables, spinach/kale/other greens, red/yellow/orange peppers, green peppers, yams/sweet potatoes, zucchini, summer squash, eggplant, carrots, cauliflower, celery, lettuce/tossed salad, coleslaw, hummus).

the theoretical maximum number of unique foods from the 3-day food record was 123, of which 23 were fruits and 39 were vegetables.