Table 1.
Clinical profile of COPD patients and controls
| COPD patients (n = 26) | Controls (n = 22) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.12 ± 5.3 | 61.68 ± 4.63 | 0.335 |
| Sex (m/f) | 26/0 | 22/0 | NA |
| Years of education | 9.73 ± 2.20 | 10.41 ± 2.26 | 0.299 |
| Disease duration | 9.63 ± 7.81 | NA | NA |
| COPD staging (n) | NA | NA | |
| Very mild (FEV1%pred ≥ 80) | 2 | NA | NA |
| Moderate (FEV1%pred 50–79) | 7 | NA | NA |
| Severe (FEV1%pred 30–49) | 9 | NA | NA |
| Very severe (FEV1%pred < 30) | 8 | NA | NA |
| Smoking (y/n) | 22/4 | 11/11 | 0.01 |
| Smoking (Pack‐years) | 35.20 ± 24.04 | 14.64 ± 16.93 | 0.002 |
| SaO2 (%) | 94.70 ± 3.46 | 97.64 ± 1.13 | <0.001 |
| Spirometry | |||
| FVC%pred | 67.34 ± 21.95 | 100.32 ± 10.55 | <0.001 |
| FEV1%pred | 48.00 ± 25.16 | 101.24 ± 14.06 | <0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 51.11 ± 14.57 | 79.41 ± 6.34 | <0.001 |
| Blood gas analysis | |||
| PaO2 (%) | 82.55 ± 11.90 | NA | NA |
| PaCO2 (%) | 38.29 ± 5.26 | NA | NA |
| WMC rating score | |||
| White matter | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.009 |
| Basal ganglia | 0.5 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 0.017 |
| Whole brain | 2 (0–4) | 1 (0–4) | 0.002 |
| Neuropsychological tests | |||
| MMSE | 26.15 ± 1.51 | 27.81 ± 1.37 | <0.001 |
| MoCA | 21.17 ± 3.86 | 24.09 ± 2.65 | 0.004 |
| CFT recognition | 34.54 ± 3.22 | 35.36 ± 1.29 | 0.267 |
| CFT‐delayed recall (20 min) | 13.88 ± 6.05 | 16.09 ± 7.00 | 0.247 |
| Task time for CFT recognition | 198.35 ± 56.92 | 153.73 ± 53.97 | 0.008 |
| AVLT | 14.12 ± 3.38 | 14.45 ± 3.51 | 0.736 |
| AVLT‐delayed recall (20 min) | 7.77 ± 4.75 | 9.63 ± 3.32 | 0.114 |
| Forward DST | 13.54 ± 2.61 | 14.00 ± 2.02 | 0.503 |
| Reverse DST | 6.84 ± 1.99 | 8.23 ± 1.41 | 0.009 |
| DSST | 29.46 ± 9.72 | 38.31 ± 10.30 | 0.004 |
| TMT‐A | 62.71 ± 18.04 | 52.50 ± 14.92 | 0.018 |
| TMT‐B | 167.23 ± 49.10 | 135.40 ± 29.12 | 0.011 |
Data were presented as mean ± SD or median (range).
Abbreviations: SaO2, Oxygen Saturation of Arterial Blood; WMC, White matter change; FVC, Forced Vital Capacity; FEV1, Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second; FVC%pred, ratio of FVC to predicted FVC; FEV1%pred, ratio of FEV1 to predicted FEV1; PaO2, Partial Pressure of Oxygen; PaCO2, Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CFT, Complex Figure Test; AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; DST, Digit Span Test; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; TMT‐A, Trail‐making test‐A; TMT‐B, Trail‐making test‐B.