Table 1.
Characteristics of β-blocker Users and Nonusers After Propensity Score Matching
| n (%) | ||
|---|---|---|
| β-blocker Users (n = 5,496) | β-blocker Nonusers (n = 5,496) | |
| Age, mean (SD) years | 84 (8) | 84 (8) |
| Female sex | 3,901 (71.0) | 3,887 (70.7) |
| Race | ||
| Caucasian | 4,485 (81.6) | 4,497 (81.8) |
| African American | 644 (11.7) | 646 (11.8) |
| Other | 367 (6.7) | 353 (6.4) |
| Adverse events prior to AMI hospitalization | ||
| Breathlessness | 461 (8.4) | 455 (8.3) |
| Syncope | 15 (0.3) | 15 (0.3) |
| Dizziness | 54 (1.0) | 55 (1.0) |
| Falls | 124 (2.3) | 150 (2.7) |
| General hypotension | 264 (4.8) | 262 (4.8) |
| Orthostasis | 200 (3.6) | 196 (3.6) |
| ADL status prior to AMI hospitalization | ||
| Independent to limited assistance required | 1,834 (33.4) | 1,866 (34.0) |
| Extensive assistance required | 1,801 (32.8) | 1,778 (32.4) |
| Extensive dependency | 1,861 (33.9) | 1,852 (33.7) |
| Cognitive status prior to AMI hospitalization | ||
| Intact or borderline intact | 1,580 (28.8) | 1,585 (28.8) |
| Mild to moderate dementia | 3,294 (59.9) | 3,305 (60.1) |
| Moderately severe to very severe dementia | 622 (11.3) | 606 (11.0) |
| Chronic conditions prior to AMI hospitalization | ||
| Diabetes | 1,567 (28.5) | 1,582 (28.8) |
| Dyslipidemia | 297 (11.8) | 288 (11.9) |
| Hypertension | 3,055 (55.6) | 3,018 (54.9) |
| Renal failure | 297 (11.8) | 288 (11.9) |
| COPD | 1,498 (27.3) | 1,504 (27.4) |
| Heart failure | 2,554 (46.5) | 2,562 (46.6) |
| PVD | 409 (7.4) | 399 (7.3) |
| Number of medications prior to AMI hospitalization | 11 (8–15) | 12 (8–15) |
| Medication use prior to AMI hospitalization | ||
| Statins | 1,559 (28.4) | 1,580 (28.8) |
| Antiplatelets | 914 (16.6) | 916 (16.7) |
| Warfarin | 707 (12.9) | 723 (13.2) |
| Length of hospital stay for AMI, median (IQR) days | 6 (4–9) | 6 (4–9) |
| Number of days in ICU/CCU during AMI stay | ||
| None | 2,374 (43.2) | 2,361 (43.0) |
| 1–2 | 1,376 (25.0) | 1,396 (25.4) |
| 3 or more | 1,746 (31.8) | 1,739 (31.6) |
| PCI or CABG during AMI hospitalization | 126 (2.3) | 98 (1.8) |
Note: AMI = Acute myocardial infarction; ADL = Activities of daily living; CABG = Coronary artery bypass graft; HF = Heart failure; ICU/CCU = Intensive care unit/coronary care unit; IQR = Interquartile range; PCI = Percutaneous coronary intervention; PVD = Peripheral vascular disease; SD = Standard deviation.