Table 3.
Risk factors for tuberculosis in people with predialysis CKD
| Variables | Univariable Cox Regression | Backward Elimination | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Age (continuous), per 10-yr increment | 1.37 (1.31 to 1.44) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.31 to 1.42) | <0.001 |
| Men (versus women) | 1.35 (1.19 to 1.53) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.18 to 1.51) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history | ||||
| Ex-smoker (versus never smoker) | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.11) | 0.57 | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.10) | 0.52 |
| Current smoker (versus never smoker) | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.37) | 0.03 | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.37) | 0.04 |
| Low income (versus not) | 1.15 (1.03 to 1.28) | 0.02 | 1.15 (1.03 to 1.29) | 0.01 |
| Stages of CKD (versus stage 2)a | ||||
| Stage 1 | 1.48 (1.16 to 1.88) | 0.001 | 1.49 (1.17 to 1.89) | 0.001 |
| Stage 2 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Stage 3 | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.25) | 0.58 | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.22) | 0.75 |
| Stage 4/5 without dialysis | 1.67 (1.29 to 2.17) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.26 to 2.11) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (continuous), per 5-kg/m2 increment | 0.45 (0.42 to 0.49) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.42 to 0.49) | <0.001 |
| Previous usage of immunosuppressants | 1.26 (1.13 to 1.41) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.13 to 1.41) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension (versus none) | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.06) | 0.36 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (versus none) | 1.46 (1.32 to 1.62) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.34 to 1.63) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure (versus none) | 1.23 (1.02 to 1.48) | 0.03 | ||
| Dementia (versus none) | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.14) | 0.42 | ||
| Liver disease (versus none) | 0.95 (0.68 to 1.33) | 0.77 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease (versus none) | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.27) | 0.06 | ||
| Cancer (versus none) | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.17) | 0.76 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (versus none) | 1.42 (1.19 to 1.68) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.30 to 1.59) | <0.001 |
| Clinical diagnosis for glomerular or tubulointerstitial disease (versus none) | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.22) | 0.89 | ||
HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
a
Stages of CKD were determined as stage 1 (eGFR≥90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 with consecutive albuminuria), stage 2 (eGFR≥60 and <90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 with consecutive albuminuria), stage 3 (eGFR≥30 and <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2), and stage 4/5 without dialysis (eGFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 but not on kidney replacement therapy).