Table 3.
Label-Free Immunosensors
| cyanotoxin | recognition element | assay format | electrode | novelty/biosensor improvement | electroch. technique | working range (ng/mL) | LOD (pg/mL) | water samples | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MC-LR | mAb | direct | chitosan modified | Support; PAMAM, Ag NCs | DPV | (0.05–25) × 103 | 17 | LW | (173) |
| MC-LR | PAb | direct | gold | Support; Au NPs | EIS | 0.05–300 | 18.2 | DI | (174) |
| MC-LR | PAb | direct | GCE | Support; graphene-Au NP nanocomposite and polyDPB, and IL | DPV | (1 × 10−7)–(8 × 10−8) | 0.000037 | TW, LW, RW, GW | (45) |
| MC-LR | mAb | direct | IDE | Support; SWCNTs | chemiresistance | 0.001–1 | 0.6 | TW LW, RW | (87) |
| MC-LR | PAb | direct | GCE | Support; MWCNT/IL | EIS | 0.005–1 | 1.7 | DI, BW, TW | (175) |
| MC-LR | Mab | direct | Au | Support; Au NPs | DPV | 0.05–15 | 20 | Crude algae | (68) |
| MC-LR | mAb | indirect competitive | MWCNTs | MWCNTs probe | EIS | 0.05–20 | 40 | DI | (176) |
| MC-LR | mAb | indirect competitive | 3D foam G | Graphene probe | EIS | 0.05–20 | 50 | TW | (177) |
| MC-LR | mAb | direct | Au | Flow-through, support; thiourea SAM/Ag NPs | potentiometric step (capacitance) | 10−5–1 | 0.007 | BW, TW, Raw W | (46) |
| SXT | mAb | noncompetitive | Cu-graphene | Flow-through, support; polymeric lipid membrane/graphene | potentiometric | 1–1000 | 1000 | LW, shellfish | (55) |