Table 1:
Characteristics of Study Participants
| Citation | Sample size |
Length of follow- up (month) |
Age at baseline (years) mean (SD) |
Sex (% female) |
Setting; Race/ethnicity |
BMI at baseline (kg/m2) mean (SD) |
FPG at baseline (mmol/L) mean (SD) |
HbAlc at baseline (%) mean (SD) |
Insulin at baseline (μU/ml) mean (SD) |
Inclusion criteria | Sampling method |
Attrition (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ackermann et al. 2008 | 92 | 12 | 58.3 (10.1) | 55.4 | Community (YMCA) Indianapolis Indiana 81.5% white 12.0% black | 31.4 (4.9) | NR | 5.6 (0.5) | NR | People with ADA risk score>10 and casual capillary blood glucose (CCBG) of 6.1–11.0 mmol/L | Recruited from YMCA by a community- based screening | 32.6% |
| Almeida et al. 2011 | 53 | 12 | range: 20–29: 12 30–39: 26 >40:15 | 18.9 | Clinic Sao Paulo Brazil | 23.3 (2.7) | 4.7 (0.6) | NR | NR | Aged 20–59yrs; without hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, obesity, cancer, anabolic, or corticosteroid drugs use, or pregnancy | Recruited from a reference HIV clinic | 20.8% |
| Anderson et al. 2014 Craigie etal. 2011 |
329 | 12 | 63.6 (6.8) | 26.0 | Community Scotland UK 99.0% white 1.0% others | 30.7 (4.2) | 6.1(2.0) | 6.0(1.1) | 10.6(8.6) HOMA-IR: 3.0 (2.9) | Aged 50–74yrs; BMI>25kg/m2; with polypectomy for adenoma, without pregnancy, DM | Recruited from a bowel screening program | 7.3% |
| Anderssen et al.& 1998 Jacobs et al. 2009 The ODES Investigators 1993 Torjesen et al.1997 | 219 | 12 | 44.9 (2.5) | 9.6 | Community Oslo Norway | 28.8(3.4) | 5.6 (0.7) | NR | 23.2(13.3) | BMI>24 kg/m2DBP: 86–99 mmHg TC: 5.20–7.74 mmol/L HDL-C<1.2 mmol/L Fasting TG>1.4 mmol/L | Recruited from a continuously ongoing screening program in Oslo | 4.6% |
| Arguin et al. 2012 | 25 | 12 | 60.5 (6.0) | 100.0 | Community Sherbrooke Quebec Canada | NR (body weight mean (SD) 79.6 (10.7) | 5.0 (0.4) | NR | NR | Sedentary obese postmenopausal women without: (1) abnormal fasting lipid profile; (2) CVD; and (3) DM | Using a computergenerated randomization list | 12.0% |
| Bazzano et al. 2014 | 148 | 12 | 46.8(10.1) | 88.5 | Community New Orleans LA 45.3% white 51.4% black 2.0% Hispanic | 35.4 (4.2) | 5.2 (0.6) | NR | 17.3 (10.0) | Obese people (BMI: 30–45 kg/m2) without DM and CVD | Recruited from community screening and TV ads | 17.8% |
| Bo et al. 2007&2009 | 375 | 48.0 | 55.7(5.7) | 58.2 | Community Asti Italy | 29.7 (4.4) | 5.8 (0.8) | NR | median (interquartile range) 20.4 (24.0) for IG; 21.3 (31.2) for CG | People with MetS defined by FPG>6.1 mmol/L, without DM and CVD | Recruited from a metabolic screening program | 10.7% |
| Bouchonville et al. 2014 Villareal et al. 2011 | 107 | 12.0 | 69.7 (4.0) | 62.6 | Community St. Louis MO | 37.2 (5.0) | 5.5 (0.6) | NR | 16.6(10.6) HOMA-IR: 4.2 (3.0) | Old (>65yrs) and obese (>30 kg/m2) people without DM | Recruited from ads | 13.0% |
| Brinkworth et al. 2004 | 58 | 12 | 50.2 (NR) | 77.6 | Community Adelaide Australia | 34.0 (NR) | 5.4 (0.2) | NR | 16.0(1.3) HOMA-IR: 3.8 (0.4) | Obese, hyperinsulinemic persons aged 20–65yrs, insulin >12 mu/1 without DM, | NR | 25.9% |
| Broekhuizen et al. 2012 | 340 | 12 | 45.3 (12.9) | 56.7 | Community Amsterdam The Netherland | 26.5 (5.0) | 4.9 (0.9) | NR | NR | Aged 18–70 yrs, with familial hypercholesterolemia, a LDL-C level>75th percentile | Recruited from the national cascade screening program | 7.4% |
| Burke et al. 2007 & 2008 | 241 | 36 | 56.2(7.3) | 55.6 | Community Perth Australia | 30.1 (2.7) | 5.0 (0.9) | NR | 1.8 (0.9) HOMA-IR: 2.4 (1.7) | Overweight, age>40yrs using 1 or 2 drugs to treat HT >3 months without DM, chronic renal failure, CVD | Recruited bymediaadvertising | 16.2% |
| Burtscher et al. 2009&2012 | 36 | 12 | 57.5 (6.9) | 55.6 | Clinic Innsbruck Austria | 29.0 (3.9) | 6.0 (0.4) | NR | NR | Patients with IFG (FPG: 5.6– 6.9 mmol/L), aged 40–65yrs; BMI>25 kg/m2, and without DM | Recruited byphysiciansthroughmemberscreening | 0.0% |
| Choo et al. 2014 | 110 | 12 | 43.1 (9.0) | 100.0 | Community Seoul South Korea | 28.5 (3.8) | 5.0 (0.8) | NR | NR | Aged 18–65yrs; elevated waist circumference (>85cm), abdominal obesity without DM and CVD | Recruited via poster, leaflet, telephone, and ads | 55.5% |
| Clifton et al. 2008 | 119 | 12 | 49.0 (9.0) | 100.0 | Community Adelaide Australia | 32.8(3.5) | 6.1 (0.6) | NR | 9.9 (4.7) | Women, aged 20–65yrs, BMI:27–40kg/m2, without DM, or renal or liver disease | Recruited from public ads and screened by questionnaires | 33.6% |
| Cole et al. 2013 | 94 | 12 | 58.3 (9.6 | 46.0 | Community San Antonio Texas 64.0% white 17.0% black 19.0% Flispanic | 30.8 (4.9) | 6.1 (0.5) | 5.9 (0.5) | NR | Aged 18yrs+; without DM, but with pre-DM, by ADA IFG (5.6–6.9 mmol/L) | Recruited from a pre-DM education class | 31.0% |
| Coon et al. 1989 | 20 | 12 | 59.5 (7.5) | 0.0 | Community Baltimore MD | 29.0 (3.0) | 5.4 (0.5) | NR | 13.0(6.0) | Aged 45yrs+, healthy persons without DM | Recruited by ads | 0.0% |
| Cox et al 2006 & 2008 & 2010 | 116 | 12 | 55.5 (4.7) | 100.0 | Community Berth Australia | 26.4 (3.3) | 5.1 (0.4) | NR | 6.2 (3.9) | Aged 50–70 yrs; BMI<34 kg/m2; non-smoker, with sedentary lifestyle, without DM | Recruited by ads. | 25.9% |
| Ditschuneit et al. 1999 & 2001 | 100 | 24 | 45.7(10.6) | 79.0 | Clinic sUlm Germany | 33.4 (3.6) | 5.0 (0.6) | NR | 21.5 (8.1) | Age>18yrs, BMI between 25 and 40 kg/m2 without endocrine disorders | Recruited by referring to the obesity clinics | 27.0% |
| Donnelly et al. 2000 | 22 | 18 | 51.5 (8.5) | 100.0 | Community Kearney NE | 31.2 (4.0) | 5.5 (0.8) | NR | 14.0 (9.8) | BMI>25 kg/m2, low aerobic capacity, at risk for continued weight gain | NR | 0.0% |
| Esposito et al. 2003 | 120 | 24 | 34.6 (5.0) | 100.0 | Clinic Naples Italy | 34.9 (2.4) | 5.9 (0.8) | NR | 14.0 (4.0) HOMA-IR: 3.7 (0.5) | Obese premenopausal women, aged 20–46yrs; without DM, IGT (7.8–11.0 mmol/L), CAD, pregnancy. OGTT confirmed | Recruited from a outpatient department | 6.7% |
| Esposito et al. 2004a | 110 | 24 | 43.3 (5.0) | 0.0 | Clinic Naples Italy | 36.7 (2.4) | 5.8 (0.6) | NR | 20.0 (7.5) | Obese men with erectile dysfunction, aged 35–55yrs; without DM and IGT, OGTT confirmed | Recruited from a outpatient department list | 5.5% |
| Esposito et al. 2004b (JAMA v.292) & 2009 | 180 | 24 | 43.9 (6.2) | 45.0 | Clinic Naples Italy | 28.0 (3.3) | 6.3 (0.6) | NR | 15.5 (6.5) HOMA: 3.8 (0.7) | Sedentary people with MetS defined by FPG>6.1 mmol/L, | Recruited from a screening program | 8.9% |
| Fatouros et al. 2005 | 50 | 12 | 70.4(3.8) | 0.0 | Community Alexandroupolis Greece | 29.5 (3.3) | 5.9 (0.7) | NR | 14.2(3.1) HOMA-IR: 3.7 (2.8) | Inactive old men, nonsmoker, without DM, FPG<7 mmol/L | Recruited from a volunteer database in localcommunity | 0.0% |
| Fernandez et al. 2012 | 40 | 12 | 40.9(13.5) | 67.5 | Community Leon Spain | 31.8(2.4) | 4.6 (0.9) | NR | 21.2(27.4) | Aged 18–70yrs; BMI: 28–35 kg/m2; without DM and pregnancy | Recruited from a clinic trial | 60.0% |
| Ferrara et al. 2012 | 188 | 24 | 56.4(9.5) | 47.9 | Clinic Naples Italy | 29.2 (4.5) | 5.6 (1.5) | NR | NR | People with HT | Recruited from a outpatient clinic | 0.0% |
| Fisher et al. 2012 | 97 | 12 | age range: 21–46 y | 100.0 | Community Birmingham AL 46.4% white 53.6% black | 28.0(1.0) | 4.8 (0.4) | NR | 11.4(3.6) | Aged 21–46yrs; BMI: 27–30 kg/m2; non-smoker, with sedentary lifestyle premenopausal women | Recruited from a previous parent study | 0.0% |
| Fogelholm et al. 2000 | 82 | 24 | age range: 30–45y | 100.0 | Community Tampere Finland | 34.0 (3.6) | 5.1 (0.5) | NR | 12.7(5.2) | Aged 30–45yrs, BMI: 30–45 kg/m2, physically inactive | Recruited by ads | 9.8% |
| Fonolla et al. 2009 | 297 | 12 | 46.0 (8.4) | 15.5 | Community Granada Spain | 28.8(5.0) | 5.6 (1.9) | NR | NR | People with moderate risk of CVD, without DM, or pregnancy | Recruited from a screening program | 14.8% |
| Frank et al. 2005 | 173 | 12 | 60.7 (6.7) | 100.0 | Community Seattle Washington | 30.4 (3.9) | 5.4 (0.5) | NR | 17.9(8.3) HOMA: 4.4 (2.2) | Postmenopausal women, aged 50–75yrs, sedentary at baseline BMI>25 kg/m2 without DM, nonsmoker | Recruited through mailings and media ads | 1.7% |
| Groeneveld et al. 2008 & 2010 | 816 | 12 | 46.6 (9.0) | 0.0 | Community Amsterdam The Netherlands | 28.5 (3.5) | NR | 5.7 (0.4) | NR | Male construction workers with elevated risk of CVD | Recruited from periodical health screening | 27.6% |
| Fleshka et al. 2003 | 423 | 24 | 44.5 (10.0) | 84.6 | Clinics NY, Medison, Baton Rouge, Boulder, Davis, Durham, Woodbury | 33.7 (3.6) | 5.0 (0.7) | NR | 18.0 (9.5) (IU/L) | Aged 18–65yrs; BMI: 27–40 kg/m2; with FPG<7.8 mmol/L | Recruited from existing clinic records, or by ads | 27.0% |
| Imayama et al. 2013Foster-Schubert et al. 2012 Mason et al. 2011&2013 | 439 | 12 | 58.0(5.0) | 100.0 | Community Seattle WA 85.0% white | 30.9 (4.1) | 5.4 (0.5) | NR | 12.9(8.1) HOMA-IR: 3.1 (2.1) | Aged 50–75yrs; BMI: >25 kg/m2; <100 min/w PA; postmenopausal; without DM; FPG<7.0 mmol/I, | Recruited from mass mailing ads | 9.1% |
| Kanaya et al. 2012 Delgadillo et al. 2010 | 238 | 12 | 56.5 (16.5) | 73.5 | Community Berkeley, Oakland, etc CA22.5% white 23.0% black 37.0% Hispanic | 30.0 (5.7) | 5.2 (0.7) | NR | NR | Aged 25yrs+; a capillary blood glucose:5.9–8.9 mmol/L, without DM | Recruited from a community- based education outreach | 12.2% |
| Kanaya et al. 2014 | 180 | 12 | 55.0 (7.0) | 72.0 | Clinics San Francisco, San Diego CA65.0% white | 34.3 (6.7) | 5.8 (0.7) | 5.9 (0.4) | 27.5 (17.6) HOMA-IR: 7.2 (5.1) | Aged 21–65yrs; with MetS (FPG:5.6–6.9 mmol/L), HT, and underactive lifestyle (<150min/w of moderate intensity activity), without DM | Recruited by ads and flyers in community and clinical settings | 21.1% |
| Katula et al. 2010&2011&2013 | 301 | 24 | 57.9(9.5) | 57.5 | Community Winston-Salem NC 73.8% white 24.6% black | 32.7 (4.0) | 5.9 (0.6) | NR | 16.7(9.8) HOMA-IR: 4.4 (2.9) | Patients with pre-DM defined by FPG of 5.3–6.9 mmol/L and BMI of 25–39 kg/m2 and without DM and CVD | Recruited from mass mailing, community health fair or referrals | 12.6% |
| Kawano et al. 2009 | 217 | 17 | 60.9(13.8) | 66.5 | Community Saga City Japan | 23.7 (4.4) | 5.1 (0.5) | 5.1 (0.3) | NR | People with FPG: 5.6–7.8 mmol/L, or HbAlc: 5.5–6.0% | Recruited from health checkup | 27.2% |
| Keogh et al. 2007 | 36 | 12 | 48.6 (5.2) | 68.0 | Community Adelaide Australia | 32.9 (4.5) | 5.9 (0.5) | NR | 14.8(11.0) | Overweight or obese people, aged 20–65yrs; BMI: 27–40 kg/m2; without DM, with FPG<7.0 mmol/L | Recruited from newspaper ads | 30.6% |
| Lawton et al. 2009 | 1089 | 24 | 58.9(6.9) | 100.0 | Clinics Wellington New Zealand | 29.2 (6.0) | 5.0 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.6) | 6.9 (4.7) | Physically inactive women, aged 40–74yrs without medical condition | Recruited by invitation letters or practice register | 7.4% |
| Lim et al. 2010 | 113 | 12 | 47.0 (10.0) | 82.3 | Community Adelaide Australia | 32.0(6.0) | 5.4 (0.6) | NR | 9.1 (4.6) | Aged 20–65yrs, BMI: 28–40 kg/m2, with at least one CVD risk factor, without DM | Recruited by ads | 38.9% |
| Lombard et al. 2010 | 250 | 12 | 40.4 (4.8) | 100.0 | Community Melbourne Australia | 27.8(5.4) | 4.6 (0.4) | NR | NR | Women with a child in schools without pregnancy and serious medical conditions | Recruited by invitation in school newsletter | 14.0% |
| Ma et al. 2009&2013 | 241 | 15 | 52.9(10.6) | 47.0 | Clinic San Francisco CA78.0% white 17.0% Asian | 32.0 (5.4) | 5.6 (0.5) | NR | NR | Patients with age>18 yrs, BMI>25 kg/m2, with pre-DM defined by FPG of 5.6–6.9 mmol/L, or MetS | Recruited from a single primary care clinic | 8.3% |
| Marsh etal. 2010 | 96 | 12 | 30.2(5.2) | 100.0 | Clinic Sydney Australia | 34.5 (4.2) | 4.8 (0.7) | NR | 15.6(10.8) | Women, aged 18–40yrs; BMI<25 kg/m2, with polycystic ovary syndrome, without pregnancy and DM | Recruited from a screening program | 49.0% |
| McAuley et al. 2005&2006 | 93 | 12 | Range: 30– 70y | 100.0 | Community Dunedin New Zealand | 35.7 (5.0) | 5.1 (0.6) | NR | 13.9(6.9) | Overweight women, aged 30– 70yrs; BMI>27 kg/m2; without pregnancy | Recruited by local ads | 18.3% |
| Mellberg et al. 2014 | 70 | 24 | 59.9(5.7) | 100.0 | Community Umea Sweden | 32.7 (3.5) | 5.2 (1.1) | NR | 8.7 (4.4) | Postmenopausal non-smoking women, BMI>27 kg/m2, without DM, FPG<7.0 mmol/L | Recruited by newspapers ads | 30.0% |
| Muto et al. 2001 | 326 | 18 | 42.5 (3.7) | 0.0 | Community Tokyo Japan | 24.7 (3.0) | 5.6 (1.3) | NR | NR | Male workers with at least one abnormality, including FPG>5.6 mmol/L | Recruited from a building maintenance company | 7.4% |
| Narayan et al. 1998 | 95 | 12 | Range: 25– 50y | 75.8 | Community Pima AZ | Range:20.2–59.9 | Range: 4.2–6.5 | Range: 4.5–6.3 | Range: 24–137 (pM) | Overweight or obese people, aged 25–54yrs; BMI>25kg/m2, without DM, OGTT<7.8 mmol/L | Recruited from an ongoing epidemiological study | 2.0% |
| Nilsson et al. 1992 | 94 | 12 | 55.0 (7.2) | NR | Community Dalby Sweden | Weight(kg):81.4(11.6) | 5.0 (0.5) | NR | 17.6 (8.9) | Patients with or without FIT, but no DM | Recruited from a cross- sectional study | 8.5% |
| Nilsson et al 2001 | 113 | 18 | 49.7 (6.2) | 60.9 | Community Flelsingborg Sweden | 27.8(5.6) | 4.9 (1.2) | NR | 8.7 (5.7) | Aged 40–50yrs; with a cardiovascular risk score sum of >9 | Recruited from a screening program | 18.6% |
| Ockene et al. 2012 Merriam et al. 2009 | 312 | 12 | 52.0(11.2) | 74.4 | Community Lawrence MA | 33.9 (5.6) | 5.8 (0.7) | NR | 20.0(13.6) HOMA-IR: 5.2 (3.8) | Age>25yrs+, BMI>24kg/m2, with risk for DM, but without DM | Recruited from the Greater Lawrence Family Flealth Center patient panel | 7.4% |
| Poston et al. 2006 | 250 | 12 | 41.0(8.5) | 92.4 | Community Huston TX | 36.1 (3.1) | 4.5 (0.7) | NR | NR | Overweight or obese people, aged 25–55yrs; BMI: 27–40 kg/m2; without DM or pregnancy for women, FPG<7.0 mmol/L, confirmed byOGTT | Recruited from a screening program | 45.6% |
| Potteiger et al. 2003 & 2002 | 66 | 16 | NR | 57.6 | Community Denver CO | Range: 25– 34.9 | 5.5 (0.4) | NR | 11.4(4.4) | Sedentary people without DM and heart disease | Recruited from part of the Midwest Exercise Trial | 10.1% |
| Reid etal. 2014 | 426 | 12 | 51.5 (11.6) | 61.3 | Clinic Ottawa Canada 95.3% white | 29.4 (5.7) | 5.1 (0.6) | NR | NR | Obese people with coronary risk, without DM, pregnancy, FPG<7.0 mmol/L | Recruited from a care cardiac center by ads and flyers | 25.8% |
| Rossner et al. 1997 | 93 | 12 | 41.0 (NR) | 67.7 | Clinics Stockhlom Sweden | 38.7 (4.5) | 5.2 (1.3) | NR | NR | Obese people with BMI> 30 kg/m2, without DM | Recruited from hospital waiting list | 38.7% |
| Ryttig et al. 1997 | 81 | 28 | 42.5 (10) | 54.3 | Clinics Stockhlom Sweden | 37.7 (4.6) | 5.5 (1.2) | NR | NR | Obese people, aged 21–64yrs; BMI:>30 kg/m2; without DM or pregnancy | Recruited from hospital waiting list | 4.9% |
| Sartorelli et al. 2005 | 104 | 12 | 45.5 (9.1) | 79.8 | Community Sao Paulo Brazil | 28.7 (2.5) | 5.2 (0.5) | NR | NR | Overweight or obese people, aged 30–65yrs; BMI: 24–35 kg/m2; without DM, or pregnancy | Recruited from a screening program of high-risk group for DM, or from ads | 31.7% |
| Simkin-Silverman et al. 1995 & 1998 & 2003Kuller et al. 2001 &2006&2012 | 535 | 54 | 47.0(1.0) | 100.0 | Community Allegheny PN 92.0% white | 25.1 (3.3) | 5.4 (0.8) | NR | NR | Premenopausal women, aged 44–50yrs; BMI: 20–34 kg/m2; FPG<7.8 mmol/L | Recruited from the Women’s Healthy Lifestyle Project | 2.8% |
| Staten et al. 2004 | 361 | 12 | 57.2 (4.8) | 100.0 | Community Tucson AZ 100% Hispanics | 29.5 (5.3) | 5.9 (2.5) | NR | NR | Uninsured Hispanic women, age>50yrs, | Recruited from clinicregistration | 33.4% |
| Stefanick et al. 1998 | 377 | 12 | 52.1 (7.3) | 47.7 | Community Palo Alto CA | 26.7 (3.0) | 5.3 (0.5) | NR | NR | Postmenopausal women, aged 45–64yrs; men aged 30–64yrs; without DM, FPG<7.8 mmol/L, OGTT confirmed | Recruited from the Diet and Exercise for Elevated Risk Trial | 27.0% |
| Tapsell et al. 2014 | 120 | 12 | 48.9 (9.3) | 75.0 | Community Wollongong Australia | 30.0(2.7) | 5.3 (0.5) | NR | Median (IQR): 10.7 (7.5–13.7) for IG 11.4(8.3– 15.1) for CG | Healthy adults aged 18–65yrs, BMI: 25–35 kg/m2, without DM | Recruited by ads in the local media | 22.5% |
| ter Bogt et al. 2009 | 457 | 12 | 56.1 (7.8) | 57.9 | Community Bilthoven The Netherlands | 29.6 (3.4) | 5.2 (0.6) | NR | NR | Overweight or obese people, aged 40–70yrs; BMI: 25–40 kg/m2; with HT or dyslipidemia, without DM | Recruited from a screening program | 9.0% |
| Thompson et al. 2005 | 90 | 12 | 41.4(8.9) | 85.6 | Clinic Knoxville TN | 34.8(3.1) | 5.2 (0.5) | NR | 11.0(6.5) | Obese people, aged 25–70yrs; BMI: 30–40 kg/m2; without DM or pregnancy | Recruited from ad posters | 13.3% |
| Tsai et al. 2010 | 50 | 12 | 49.4(11.9) | 88.0 | Clinic Philadelphia PN 19.0% white 81.0% black | 36.5 (6.0) | 5.5 (1.5) | NR | NR | Overweight or obese people with BMI: 27–50 kg/m2, without serious psychiatric illness | Recruited from flyers, and referrals from PCPs | 6.0% |
| Vainionpaa et al. 2007 | 120 | 12 | Range: 35– 40y | 100.0 | Community Oulu Finland | 25.3 (4.6) | 4.8 (0.5) | NR | 4.9 (3.3) | Women aged 35–40yrs, without chronic disease | Recruited from the National Population Register of Finland | 33.3% |
| Vetter et al. 2013 Wadden et al. 2011 | 390 | 24 | 51.5 (11.5) | 79.7 | Clinic Philadelphia PA 59.0% white 38.5%black | 38.5 (4.7) | 5.8 (1.8) | NR | 13.5 (10.0) HOMA-IR: 3.4 (2.9) | Aged 21yrs+; BMI: 30–50 kg/m2; with MetS (FPG> 6.1 mmol/L); without cardiovascular events | Recruited from primary care practices | 13.8% |
| von Thiele Schwarz et al. 2008 | 195 | 12 | 46.6(10.8) | 100.0 | Community Stockholm Sweden | NR | 5.0 (0.5) | 4.4 (0.3) | NR | Working age women without DM and pregnancy | Recruited from a public dental health care organization | 9.2% |
| Watanabe et al. 2003 | 173 | 12 | 55.1 (7.1) | 0.0 | Community Tokyo Japan | 24.4 (2.9) | 5.8 (0.6) | NR | NR | Male workers with risk for DM, aged 35–70yrs; OGTT confirmed | Recruited from annual checkup list | 9.8% |
| Weinstock et al. 1998 | 45 | 23 | 43.3 (7.4) | 100.0 | Community Syracuse NY | 35.9 (6.0) | 5.1 (0.6) | NR | 15.4 (6.9) | Women without DM, CAD, and pregnancy | Recruited from a cohort study | 0.0% |
| Weiss et al. 2006 | 48 | 12 | 56.8 (3.0) | 63.2 | Community St. Louis MO | 27 .3 (2 . 1) | 5.3 (0.4) | NR | 7.8 (5.1) | Sedentary people, aged 50– 60yrs; BMI:23.5–29.9kg/m2; non-smoker without DM. FPG<7.0 mmol/L, OGTT confirmed | Recruited from a screening program | 4.2% |
| Wing et al. 1995 | 202 | 18 | 37.4 (5.3) | 48.1 | Community Pittsburgh PA | 30 .9 (2 . 1 ) | 5.5 (0.7) | NR | 27.1 (15.6) | Aged 25–45yrs; 13.6–31.8 kg above ideal body weight, without serious disease | Recruited from newspaper or radio ads | 21.3% |
| Wing et al. 1998 | 154 | 24 | 45.7 (4.4) | 79.0 | Community Pittsburgh PA | 3 5 . 9 ( 4.3) | 5.9 (0.6) | 7.2 (0.5) | 15.9 (13.4) | Overweight people, aged 40– 55yrs; with diabetic parents | Recruited from newspaper ads | 22.0% |
| Wycherley et al. 2012 | 123 | 12 | 50.8 (9.3) | 0.0 | Clinic Adelaide Australia | 33 . 0 (3.9) | 5.8 (0.7) | NR | 10.0 (6.7) | Overweight or obese males, aged 20–65yrs; BMI: 27–40 kg/m2, without DM | Recruited by a screening program | 44.7% |
| Mean (SD) Total Range |
1394320-1089 | 12–54 | 50.9 (8.4) | 0–100 | 30.1 (4.4) 23.3–38.7 | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.4 (0.6) | 13.7 (9.0) HOMA-IR: 3.9 (2.8) | 0–60.0 | |||
Abbreviations: BG: blood glucose; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary Artery Disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; FBG: fasting blood glucose; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbAlc: glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high density cholesterol; HT: hypertension; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; LDL: low density cholesterol MetS: metabolic syndrome; NR: not reported; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; PCP: primary care physician; PG: plasma glucose; SD: standard deviation