Table 1.
Participant characteristics across levels of parent-child relationship satisfaction at study baseline (Growing Up Today Study 2 [GUTS2] 2008 questionnaire wave, N=4,894)
| Relationship satisfactiona | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics | Bottom tertile (n=1,556) |
Middle tertile (n=1,713) |
Top tertile (n=1,625) |
P-value |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age, in years, mean (SD)b | 17.60 (1.86) | 17.76 (1.93) | 17.95 (1.92) | <.001 |
| Gender (boy), % | 39.01 | 42.97 | 38.89 | .02 |
| Race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White), % | 92.15 | 92.78 | 93.60 | .29 |
| Geographic region | .89 | |||
| West, % | 16.73 | 15.81 | 16.52 | |
| Midwest, % | 36.10 | 37.12 | 37.42 | |
| South, % | 16.02 | 14.87 | 14.73 | |
| Northeast, % | 31.15 | 32.20 | 31.32 | |
| Mother’s age, in years, mean (SD)b | 49.28 (3.68) | 48.95 (3.60) | 48.98 (3.58) | <.001 |
| Mother’s race (white), % | 97.69 | 97.78 | 98.28 | .45 |
| Mother married, % | 88.82 | 92.90 | 93.93 | <.001 |
| Mother’s subjective SES in the US, mean (SD)b | 7.10 (1.33) | 7.18 (1.25) | 7.37 (1.30) | <.001 |
| Mother’s subjective SES in the community, mean (SD)b | 6.97 (1.55) | 7.12 (1.46) | 7.23 (1.49) | <.001 |
| Pretax household income | .10 | |||
| <$50,000, % | 12.81 | 11.05 | 11.68 | |
| $50,000–$74,999, % | 27.14 | 25.50 | 23.58 | |
| $75,000–$99,999, % | 22.29 | 23.07 | 21.65 | |
| ≥$100,000, % | 37.76 | 40.38 | 43.08 | |
| Census tract college education rate, mean (SD)b | 34.27% (16.82%) | 34.09% (15.88%) | 34.36% (16.30%) | .89 |
| Census tract median income | .80 | |||
| <$50,000, % | 18.83 | 18.74 | 19.45 | |
| $50,000–$74,999, % | 48.71 | 49.80 | 46.89 | |
| $75,000–$99,999, % | 24.49 | 23.76 | 25.17 | |
| ≥$100,000, % | 7.97 | 7.71 | 8.49 | |
| Maternal health | ||||
| Maternal depression diagnosis, % | 10.41 | 9.28 | 8.80 | .28 |
| Maternal current smoking, % | 4.05 | 2.79 | 3.28 | .14 |
| Prior health status and health behaviours | ||||
| Prior overweight or obesity, % | 19.56 | 18.79 | 19.06 | .87 |
| Prior cigarette smoking, % | 17.06 | 15.16 | 12.26 | <.001 |
| Prior history of sexual intercourse, % | 32.90 | 29.23 | 27.30 | .002 |
| Prior puberty development, mean (SD) | 4.29 (0.97) | 4.29 (0.96) | 4.36 (0.92) | .10 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SES, socioeconomic status.
ANOVA or chi-square tests were used to examine the mean levels (SD) of the characteristic or proportion of individuals within each relationship satisfaction category with that characteristic. Relationship satisfaction was assessed in the 2008 questionnaire wave, and other covariates were assessed either in or prior to the 2008 questionnaire wave.
Range of the following participant characteristics were age (range: 12–22 years), mother’s age (range: 43–61 year), mother’s subjective SES in the US (range: 1–10), mother’s subjective SES in the community (range: 1–10), census tract college education rate (range: 3.94%−84.71%), and puberty development scale (range: 1–5).