Table 1.
Characterization of mcr-harboring bacteria.
| Category | Country | Year | Species | Source | No. of isolate | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | Algeria | 2011 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Berrazeg et al. 2016 |
| E. coli | Sperm culture | 1 | Yanat et al. 2016 | |||
| 2013 | E. coli | Rectum | 7 | Leangapichart et al. 2016 | ||
| K. pneumoniae | Rectum | 1 | Leangapichart et al. 2016 | |||
| 2014 | E. coli | Rectum | 1 | Leangapichart et al. 2016 | ||
| Argentina | 2012 | E. coli | Blood (n=1 mcr-1.5) Urine (n=1) |
2 | Rapoport et al. 2016; Tijet et al. 2017 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Abdominal (n=1 mcr-1.5) Blood (n=1) |
2 | Rapoport et al. 2016; Tijet et al. 2017 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Urine (n=2 mcr-1.5) Blood (n=1) Bone (n=1) |
4 | Rapoport et al. 2016; Tijet et al. 2017 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Abscess | 1 | Rapoport et al. 2016 | ||
| Australia | 2011 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Ellem et al. 2017 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Ellem et al. 2017 | ||
| Austria | 2016 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 1 | Hartl et al. 2017 | |
| Bahrain | 2015 | E. coli | Wound (n=1) Urine (n=1) |
2 | Sonnevend et al. 2016 | |
| 2015 | E. coli | Groin and peri-rectal | 4 | Snesrud et al. 2017 | ||
| Belgium | 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | NA | 1 | Castanheira et al. 2016 | |
| 2015 | E. coli | Pus | 1 | Huang TD et al. 2017 | ||
| Brazil | 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | NA | 1 | Castanheira et al. 2016 | |
| 2015 | E. coli | Rectum (n=2) Blood (n=1) |
3 | Conceição-Neto et al. 2017 | ||
| 2016 | K. pneumoniae | Urine | 1 | Aires et al. 2017 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Wound | 1 | Fernandes, McCulloch, et al. 2016 | ||
| Cambodia | 2012 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 1 | Stoesser et al. 2016 | |
| Canada | 2010 | E. coli | Blood | 2 | Walkty et al. 2016 | |
| 2011 | E. coli | Gastrostomy tube site, rectum | 1 | Mulvey et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 – 2016 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Payne et al. 2016 | ||
| China | 2011 and earlier | NA | Fecal sample (Human microbiome) | 27 | Hu Y et al. 2016; Ruppé et al. 2016 | |
| 2011 | E. coli | Abdominal fluid | 1 | Wang X et al. 2017 | ||
| K. pneumoniae | Wound | 1 | Wang X et al. 2017 | |||
| 2012 | E. coli | Blood (n=8) Urine (n=1) Rectum (n=25) |
34 | Lima Barbieri et al. 2017; Quan et al. 2017; Wang X et al. 2017; Wang Y et al. 2017 | ||
| K. pneumoniae | Blood | 3 | Wang X et al. 2017 | |||
| S. enterica Enteritidis | NA | 2 | Cui et al. 2017 | |||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | NA | 1 | Cui et al. 2017 | |||
| 2013 | E. coli | Blood (n=11) Drainage fluid (n=1) Abdominal fluid (n=4) Sputum (n=1) Urine (n=1) |
18 | Quan et al. 2017; Wang X et al. 2017; Wang Y et al. 2017 | ||
| S. enterica | NA | 1 | Cui et al. 2017 | |||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | NA | 5 | Cui et al. 2017 | |||
| 2014 | E. coli | Urine (n=5) Sputum (n=3) Drainage fluid (n=9) Bile (n=2) Ascites (n=3) Wound (n=1) Blood (n=22) Pus (n=1) |
46 | Du et al. 2016; Liu YY et al. 2016; He QW et al. 2017; Quan et al. 2017; Wang X et al. 2017; Wang Y et al. 2017 | ||
| K. pneumoniae | Urine (n=1) Sputum (n=2) Blood (n=1) |
4 | Liu YY et al. 2016; Quan et al. 2017 | |||
| Enterobacter aerogenes | Vaginal secretion | 1 | Zeng et al. 2016 | |||
| Enterobacter cloacae | Urine | 1 | Zeng et al. 2016 | |||
| S. enterica | Rectum (n=1mcr-1.6) NA (n=3) |
4 | Cui et al. 2017; Lu et al. 2017 | |||
| 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | NA | 2 | Zhang R et al. 2017 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Abscess (n=2) Fecal sample (n=63) Blood (n=10) Urine (n=20) Ascites (n=1) Bile (n=8) Catheter (n=2) Drainage fluid (n=7) Pus (n=1) Respiratory tract (n=1) Secretion (n=8) Sputum (n=13) Wound (n=1) |
137 | Du et al. 2016; Gu et al. 2016; Ye et al. 2016; Yu H et al. 2016; Zhang R et al. 2016; Zhang XF et al. 2016; He QW et al. 2017; Tian et al. 2017; Wang Y et al. 2017 | ||
| K. pneumoniae | Fecal sample (n=2) Surgical wound (n=1) Peritoneal fluid (n=1) Sputum (n=1) |
5 | Du et al. 2016; Gu et al. 2016; Tian et al. 2017; Wang Y et al. 2017 | |||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | NA | 16 | Cui et al. 2017 | |||
| 2016 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 34 | Zhong et al. 2016; Hu et al. 2017; Zheng et al. 2017 | ||
| K. pneumoniae | Sputum | 4 | Tian et al. 2017 | |||
| Citrobacter freundii | Fecal sample | 1 | Hu et al. 2017 | |||
| 2017 | E. coli mcr-3.5 | Abdominal abscess | 1 | Liu L et al. 2017 | ||
| NA | E. coli | Blood | 2 | Zheng et al. 2016 | ||
| K. pneumoniae | NA | 13 | Wang Y et al. 2017 | |||
| Enterobacter cloacae | NA | 1 | Wang Y et al. 2017 | |||
| Enterobacter aerogenes | NA | 1 | Wang Y et al. 2017 | |||
| Colombia | 2013 | E. coli | Leg secretion (n=1) Blood (n=1) |
2 | Saavedra et al. 2017 | |
| 2015 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Fecal sample (n=1) Urine (n=1) |
2 | Saavedra et al. 2017 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Urine (n=2) Vaginal secretion (n=1) Abdominal abscess (n=1) Toe tissue (n=1) NA (n=1) |
6 | Saavedra et al. 2017 | ||
| K. pneumoniae | Blood | 1 | Saavedra et al. 2017 | |||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | Fecal sample | 1 | Saavedra et al. 2017 | |||
| Denmark | 2009 | S. enterica Typhimurium mcr-3 | NA | 1 | Litrup et al. 2017 | |
| 2010 | S. enterica O:4,5,12;H:i:- mcr-3 | NA | 1 | Litrup et al. 2017 | ||
| 2011 | S. enterica O:4,5,12;H:i:- mcr-3 | NA | 2 | Litrup et al. 2017 | ||
| 2012 | S. enterica Typhimurium mcr-3 | NA | 2 | Litrup et al. 2017 | ||
| S. enterica O:4,5,12;H:i:- mcr-3 | NA | 1 | Litrup et al. 2017 | |||
| 2014 | S. enterica Typhimurium | NA | 2 | Torpdahl et al. 2017 | ||
| E. coli mcr-3 | Blood | 1 | Roer et al. 2017 | |||
| 2015 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Hasman et al. 2015 | ||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | NA | 2 | Torpdahl et al. 2017 | |||
| S. enterica O:4,5,12;H:i:- mcr-3 | NA | 1 | Litrup et al. 2017 | |||
| 2016 | S. enterica O:4,5,12;H:i:- mcr-3 | NA | 1 | Litrup et al. 2017 | ||
| 2017 | S. enterica O:4,5,12;H:i:- mcr-3 | NA | 1 | Litrup et al. 2017 | ||
| Ecuador | 2016 | E. coli | Peritoneal fluid | 1 | Ortega-Paredes et al. 2016 | |
| Egypt | 2015 | E. coli | Sputum | 1 | Elnahriry et al. 2016 | |
| France | 2012 – 2013 | K. pneumoniae | Fecal sample | 2 | Rolain et al. 2016 | |
| 2016 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 1 | Beyrouthy et al. 2017 | ||
| Germany | 2014 | E. coli | Wound | 1 | Falgenhauer, Waezsada, Yao, et al. 2016 | |
| 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | NA | 5 | Castanheira et al. 2016 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Fritzenwanker et al. 2016 | ||
| Hungary | 2011 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Juhász et al. 2017 | |
| Hong Kong | 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | NA | 1 | Castanheira et al. 2016 | |
| 2015 – 2016 | E. coli | Blood (n=2) Fecal sample (n=1) Urine (n=1) |
4 | Wong et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 – 2016 | Enterobacter cloacae | Fecal sample | 1 | Wong et al. 2016 | ||
| Italy | 2012 – 2015 | S. enterica | NA | 10 | Carnevali et al. 2016 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Cannatelli et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Urine, surgical wound | 3 | Cannatelli et al. 2016 | ||
| K. pneumoniae mcr-1.2 | Rectum | 1 | Di Pilato et al. 2016 | |||
| 2015 | E. coli | Urine (n=4) Intestinal colonization (n=3) |
7 | Cannatelli et al. 2016; Giufrè et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | NA | 4 | Castanheira et al. 2016 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Blood | 2 | Corbella et al. 2017 | ||
| S. enterica Typhimurium mcr-4.2 | Fecal sample | 2 | Carretto et al. 2018 | |||
| 2017 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Corbella et al. 2017 | ||
| Japan | 2017 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 1 | Tada, Uechi, et al. 2017 | |
| Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | 2012 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Sonnevend et al. 2016 | |
| Laos | 2012 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 6 | Olaitan et al. 2016 | |
| 2012 | K. pneumoniae | Fecal sample | 4 | Rolain et al. 2016 | ||
| Malaysia | 2013 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Yu, Ang, Chin, et al. 2016 | |
| 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | NA | 1 | Castanheira et al. 2016 | ||
| Morocco | 2014 | E. coli | Rectum | 2 | Leangapichart et al. 2016 | |
| New Caledonia | 2014 | E. coli | Ascites (n=1) Gastric fluid (n=1) |
2 | Robin et al. 2016 | |
| Norway | 2014 | E. coli | NA | 1 | Solheim et al. 2016 | |
| Oman | 2016 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Mohsin et al. 2017 | |
| Pakistan | 2016 | E. coli | Wound | 1 | Mohsin et al. 2016 | |
| Poland | 2015 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Izdebski et al. 2016 | |
| Portugal | 2011 – 2012 | S. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:- | Blood, fecal sample | 4 | Campos et al. 2016 | |
| 2016 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Tacão et al. 2017 | ||
| Russia | 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | NA | 1 | Castanheira et al. 2016 | |
| Singapore | 2016 | E. coli | Urine | 2 | Teo et al. 2016 | |
| 2016 | K. pneumoniae | Urine | 1 | Teo et al. 2016 | ||
| South Africa | 2014 – 2016 | E. coli | Blood (n=1) Wound (n=1) Pus (n=1) Urine (n=6) |
9 | Coetzee et al. 2016; Poirel, Kieffer, Brink, et al. 2016 | |
| 2016 | E. coli | Urine (n=9) Superficial abdominal swab (n=1) |
10 | Newton-Foot et al. 2017 | ||
| 2016 | K. pneumoniae | Sputum (n=2) Urine (n=2) |
4 | Newton-Foot et al. 2017 | ||
| 2016 | K. oxytoca | Superficial abdominal swab | 1 | Newton-Foot et al. 2017 | ||
| South Korea | 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Kim et al. 2017 | |
| Spain | 2012 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Prim et al. 2016 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Sputum (n=3) Blood (n=4) Urine (n=1) |
8 | Prim et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Urine (n=2) Surgical wound (n=1) |
3 | Prim et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Urine | 3 | Prim et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | NA | 3 | Castanheira et al. 2016 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Peritoneal fluid (n=1) Sputum (n=1) |
2 | Ortiz de la Tabla et al. 2016; Sánchez-Benito et al. 2017 | ||
| 2012 – 2015 | E. coli | Blood (n=5), urine (n=6), sputum (n=3), surgical wound secretion (n=1) | 15 | Prim et al. 2017 | ||
| Sweden | 2013 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 1 | Vading et al. 2016 | |
| Switzerland | 2015 | E. coli | Urine (n=1) Fecal sample (n=3, 1mcr-1.2) Blood (n=2) |
7 | Bernasconi et al. 2016; Nordmann, Lienhard, et al. 2016; Poirel, Kieffer, Liassine, et al. 2016; Donà, Bernasconi, Kasraian, et al. 2017 | |
| 2016 | E. coli | Urine (n=1) Fecal sample (n=2) |
3 | Zurfluh et al. 2017 | ||
| Taiwan | 2010 | E. coli | Sputum | 1 | Kuo et al. 2016 | |
| 2012 | E. coli | Urine | 2 | Kuo et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Ascites (n=1) Abscess (n=2) Blood (n=3) Urine (n=5) |
11 | Kuo et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | NA | 5 | Chiou et al. 2017 | |||
| 2015 | S. enterica Typhimurium | NA | 3 | Chiou et al. 2017 | ||
| S. enterica Newport | NA | 1 | Chiou et al. 2017 | |||
| S. enterica Albany | NA | 1 | Chiou et al. 2017 | |||
| NA | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Lai et al. 2017 | ||
| Thailand | 2012 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 2 | Olaitan et al. 2016 | |
| 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Runcharoen et al. 2017 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Paveenkittiporn et al. 2016 | ||
| The Netherlands | 2012 – 2013 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 6 | Arcilla et al. 2016 | |
| 2014 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 1 | Nijhuis et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 2 | Nijhuis et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 1 | Terveer et al. 2017 | ||
| The United States | 2014 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Mediavilla et al. 2016 | |
| 2015 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | Castanheira et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Macesic et al. 2017 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Urine | 1 | McGann et al. 2016 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Fecal sample | 1 | Vasquez et al. 2016 | ||
| The United Kingdom | 2012 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Fecal sample | 1 | Doumith et al. 2016 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Fecal sample (n=1) Blood (n=1) |
2 | Doumith et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Doumith et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Fecal sample | 2 | Doumith et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | S. enterica Virchow | Fecal sample | 1 | Doumith et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Fecal sample | 5 | Doumith et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | S. enterica Paratyphi | Fecal sample | 1 | Doumith et al. 2016 | ||
| United Arab Emirates | 2013 | E. coli | Blood | 1 | Sonnevend et al. 2016 | |
| Vietnam | 2008 | Shigella sonnei | Fecal sample | 1 | Thanh et al. 2016 | |
| 2012 – 2013 | E. coli | Rectum | 3 | Trung et al. 2017 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Urine (n=1) Pus (n=1) |
2 | Tada, Nhung, et al. 2017 | ||
| Livestock | Algeria | 2015 | E. coli | Chicken | 1 | Olaitan et al. 2016 |
| Brazil | 2012 | E. coli | Pig | 2 | Fernandes, Moura, et al. 2016 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Chicken | 14 | Fernandes, Moura, et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Chicken | 10 | Lentz et al. 2016 | ||
| Belgium | 2011 – 2012 | E. coli | Calf (n=6) Pig (n=7) Calf (n=1mcr-2) Pig (n=2mcr-2) |
16 | Malhotra-Kumar, Xavier, Das, Lammens, Butaye, et al. 2016; Xavier et al. 2016 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Cattle (n=1) Pig (n=1) |
2 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 – 2016 | E. coli mcr-4 | Pig | 2 | Carattoli et al. 2017 | ||
| China | 1980s | E. coli | Chicken | 3 | Shen et al. 2016 | |
| 2004 – 2006 | E. coli | Chicken | 8 | Shen et al. 2016 | ||
| 2007 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Chicken | 1 | Li XP et al. 2016 | ||
| 2008 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Pig | 2 | Li XP et al. 2016 | ||
| 2009 | E. coli | Chicken | 6 | Shen et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | Pig | 1 | Li XP et al. 2016 | |||
| 2010 | E. coli | Chicken | 13 | Shen et al. 2016; Yang YQ et al. 2017 | ||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | Duck | 1 | Li XP et al. 2016 | |||
| 2011 | E. coli | Chicken (n=30) Pig (n=3) |
33 | Li Z et al. 2016; Shen et al. 2016; Yang YQ et al. 2017 | ||
| 2012 | E. coli | Pig (n=33) Chicken (n= 42) |
75 | Li Z et al. 2016; Liu YY et al. 2016; Shen et al. 2016; Lima Barbieri et al. 2017; Yang YQ et al. 2017 | ||
| 2013 | E. coli | Pig (n=69) Chicken (n=39) Chicken (n=1mcr-1.3) |
109 | Li Z et al. 2016; Liu YY et al. 2016; Shen et al. 2016; Lima Barbieri et al. 2017; Wang X et al. 2017; Yang YQ et al. 2017 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Pig (n=67) Chicken (n=26) |
93 | Liu YY et al. 2016; Shen et al. 2016; Lima Barbieri et al. 2017; Yang YQ et al. 2017 | ||
| Citrobacter freundii | Pig | 1 | Li XP et al. 2017 | |||
| K. pneumoniae mcr-7 | Chicken | 1 | Yang et al. 2018 | |||
| 2010 – 2015 | K. pneumoniae | Chicken (n=7) Chicken (n=2mcr-7) | 9 | Yang et al. 2018 | ||
| 2014 – 2015 | E.coli | Pig | 35 | Li R et al. 2017 | ||
| S. enterica | Chicken | 4 | Yang YQ et al. 2016 | |||
| 2015 | E. coli | Duck (n=2) Chicken (n=66) Cattle (n=1) Pig (n=1mcr-3) |
70 | Liu BT et al. 2016; Yang RS et al. 2016; He T et al. 2017; Yang YQ et al. 2017; Yi et al. 2017; Yin et al. 2017 | ||
| Aeromonas veronii mcr-3.3 | Chicken | 1 | Ling et al. 2017 | |||
| Cronobacter sakazakii | Chicken (n=2) | 2 | Liu BT et al. 2016 | |||
| 2015 – 2016 | S. enterica | Chicken (n=6) Pig (n=6) |
12 | Ma et al. 2017 | ||
| 2017 | Aeromonas caviae mcr-3.10 | Duck | 1 | Wang et al. 2018 | ||
| E. coli mcr-3.10 | Duck | 1 | Wang et al. 2018 | |||
| Proteus mirabilis mcr-3.10 | Duck | 1 | Wang et al. 2018 | |||
| Egypt | 2010 | E. coli | Chicken | 4 | Lima Barbieri et al. 2017 | |
| 2014 | E. coli | Cattle | 1 | Khalifa et al. 2016 | ||
| Estonia | 2013 | E. coli | Pig | 3 | Brauer et al. 2016 | |
| France | 2005 – 2014 | E. coli | Calf | 106 | Haenni et al. 2016 | |
| 2004 | E. coli | Cattle | 1 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2005 | E. coli | Cattle | 1 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2006 | E. coli | Pig | 2 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2007 | E. coli | Cattle (n=2) Pig (n=1) |
3 | Brennan et al. 2016; El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2008 | E. coli | Cattle (n=1) Pig (n=1) |
2 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2009 | E. coli | Pig | 3 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2010 | E. coli | Cattle (n=4) Pig (n=5) |
9 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2011 | E. coli | Cattle (n=1) Pig (n=2) |
3 | El Garch et al. 2016; Perrin-Guyomard et al. 2016 | ||
| 2012 | E. coli | Pig | 3 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2013 | E. coli | Chicken (n=3) Pig (n=4) |
7 | El Garch et al. 2016; Perrin-Guyomard et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:- | Chicken | 1 | Webb et al. 2016 | |||
| 2014 | E. coli | Chicken (n=4) Turkey (n=14) Pig (n=1) |
19 | El Garch et al. 2016; Perrin-Guyomard et al. 2016 | ||
| Germany | 2008 | S. enterica Paratyphi B | Chicken | 1 | Borowiak, Hammerl, et al. 2017 | |
| 2010 – 2011 | E. coli | Pig | 3 | Falgenhauer, Waezsada, Yao, et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica | Pig | 1 | El Garch et al. 2016 | |||
| 2010 | E. coli | Chicken (n=8) Turkey (n=30) Calf (n=15) Pig (n=1) |
54 | El Garch et al. 2016; Irrgang et al. 2016 | ||
| 2011 | E. coli | Laying hen (n=2) Chicken (n=17) Turkey (n=33) Pig (n=13) |
65 | Irrgang et al. 2016 | ||
| 2011 – 2012 | E. coli | Pig farm (boot swab and fecal sample) | 43 | Roschanski et al. 2017 | ||
| 2012 | Aeromonas media mcr-3.7 | Turkey | 1 | Eichhorn et al. 2018 | ||
| E. coli | Turkey (n=63) Calf (n=5) |
68 | Irrgang et al. 2016 | |||
| S. enterica Paratyphi B mcr-5 | Poultry | 8 | Borowiak, Fischer, et al. 2017 | |||
| 2013 | E. coli | Chicken | 52 | Irrgang et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Laying hens(n=1) Chicken (n=22) Turkey (n=37) |
60 | Irrgang et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Calf (n=1) Pig (n=11) |
12 | Irrgang et al. 2016 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Pig | 11 | Schirmeier et al. 2017 | ||
| Italy | 2004 | E. coli | Cattle | 2 | El Garch et al. 2016 | |
| 2006 | E. coli | Cattle | 1 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2007 | E. coli | Pig | 3 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2008 | E. coli | Pig | 1 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2010 – 2011 | S. enterica | Pig | 2 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2011 | E. coli | Pig | 1 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2012 | E. coli | Pig | 1 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2013 | S. enterica Typhimurium mcr-4 | Pig | 1 | Carattoli et al. 2017 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Pig | 1 | El Garch et al. 2016 | ||
| 2012 – 2015 | S. enterica | Poultry (n=2) Pig (n=9) |
11 | Carnevali et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 – 2016 | E. coli | Pig | 37 | Curcio et al. 2017 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Pig | 1 | Pulss et al. 2017 | ||
| Japan | 2007 – 2014 | E. coli | Pig | 90 | Kusumoto et al. 2016 | |
| 2008 | E. coli | Pig | 2 | Kawanishi et al. 2016; Suzuki et al. 2016 | ||
| 2010 | E. coli | Pig | 5 | Kawanishi et al. 2016; Suzuki et al. 2016 | ||
| 2011 | E. coli | Cattle | 1 | Kawanishi et al. 2016 | ||
| 2012 | E. coli | Pig (n=5) Cattle (n=2) Chicken (n=2) |
9 | Kawanishi et al. 2016 | ||
| 2013 | E. coli | Pig (n=3) Cattle (n=1) Chicken (n=2) |
6 | Kawanishi et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | Pig | 1 | Suzuki et al. 2016 | |||
| 2012 – 2013 | E. coli | Cattle | 4 | Suzuki et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Pig (n=7) Cattle (n=1) Chicken (n=10) |
18 | Kawanishi et al. 2016 | ||
| Laos | 2012 | E. coli | Pig | 3 | Olaitan et al. 2016 | |
| Malaysia | 2013 | E. coli | Chicken (n=5) Pig (n=1) |
6 | Petrillo et al. 2016; Yu, Ang, Chin, et al. 2016 | |
| South Africa | 2015 | E. coli | Chicken | 19 | Perreten et al. 2016 | |
| South Korea | 2013 | E. coli | Chicken | 1 | Lim et al. 2016 | |
| 2014 | E. coli | Chicken | 6 | Lim et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Chicken (n=3) Pig (n=1) |
4 | Lim et al. 2016 | ||
| Spain | 2009 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Pig | 1 | Quesada et al. 2016 | |
| M. pluranimalium mcr-2.2 | Pig | 1 | AbuOun et al. 2017 | |||
| 2010 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Pig | 1 | Quesada et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Rissen | Pig | 1 | Quesada et al. 2016 | |||
| 2011 | E. coli | Pig | 1 | Quesada et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | Pig | 1 | Quesada et al. 2016 | |||
| 2013 | E. coli | Pig | 1 | Quesada et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Turkey | 3 | Quesada et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Cattle (n=4, 1mcr-3.2) | 5 | Hernández et al. 2017 | ||
| 2015 – 2016 | E. coli mcr-4 | Pig | 9 | Carattoli et al. 2017 | ||
| Taiwan | 2012 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Pig | 1 | Chiou et al. 2017 | |
| 2013 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Pig (n=3) Chicken (n=2) |
5 | Chiou et al. 2017 | ||
| S. enterica Anatum | Pig | 3 | Chiou et al. 2017 | |||
| The Netherlands | 2010 – 2011 | E. coli | Calf (n=15) Chicken (n=2) Turkey (n=1) |
18 | Veldman et al. 2016 | |
| 2012 – 2013 | E. coli | Chicken | 8 | Veldman et al. 2016 | ||
| The United Kingdom | 2014 | M. porci mcr-1.10 | Pig | 1 | AbuOun et al. 2017 | |
| 2015 | E. coli | Pig | 4 | Anjum et al. 2016; Duggett et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Typhimurium | Pig | 1 | Anjum et al. 2016 | |||
| M. pluranimalium mcr-6 | Pig | 1 | AbuOun et al. 2017 | |||
| The United States | 2016 | E. coli | Pig | 3 | Meinersmann, Ladely, Bono, et al. 2016; Meinersmann, Ladely, Plumblee, et al. 2016 | |
| Tunisia | 2015 | E. coli | Chicken | 37 | Grami et al. 2016 | |
| Vietnam | 2012 – 2013 | E. coli | Chicken | 19 | Trung et al. 2017 | |
| 2013 – 2014 | E. coli | Chicken (n=20) Pig (n=17) |
37 | Nguyen et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | Pig | 9 | Malhotra-Kumar, Xavier, Das, Lammens, Hoang, et al. 2016 | ||
| Meat and food product | Brazil | 2016 | E. coli | Chicken meat | 8 | Monte et al. 2017 |
| Canada | 2010 | E. coli | Beef (Unknown origin) | 2 | Mulvey et al. 2016 | |
| China | 2011 | E. coli | Pork (n=3) Chicken meat(n=10) |
13 | Liu YY et al. 2016 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Pork (n=11) Chicken meat(n=4) |
15 | Liu YY et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Pork (n=29) Chicken meat (n=21) |
50 | Liu YY et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 – 2016 | E. coli | Retail food sample | 109 | Liu X et al. 2017 | ||
| S. enterica | Chicken meat (n=5) Pork (n=5) |
10 | Ma et al. 2017 | |||
| 2015 | E. coli | Vegetable | 3 | Luo et al. 2017 | ||
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | Vegetable | 2 | Luo et al. 2017 | |||
| 2016 | E. coli | Vegetable | 4 | Luo et al. 2017 | ||
| Denmark | 2012 | E. coli | Chicken meat(imported from Europe) | 3 | Hasman et al. 2015 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Chicken meat (imported from Europe) | 1 | Hasman et al. 2015 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Chicken meat(imported from Europe) | 1 | Hasman et al. 2015 | ||
| France | 2012 | S. enterica Paratyphi B | Chicken breast (n=1) Ready-to-cook guinea fowl pie (n=1) |
2 | Webb et al. 2016 | |
| 2013 | S. enterica Derby | Chipolata sausage | 1 | Webb et al. 2016 | ||
| Italy | 2013 – 2015 | S. enterica | Pork | 4 | Carnevali et al. 2016 | |
| Japan | 2015 | E. coli | Chicken meat | 1 | Ohsaki et al. 2017 | |
| Taiwan | 2012 | E. coli | Beef | 1 | Kuo et al. 2016 | |
| 2013 | E. coli | Chicken meat | 6 | Kuo et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | E. coli | Chicken meat (n=9) Pork (n=2) |
11 | Kuo et al. 2016 | ||
| The Netherlands | 2009 | E. coli | Chicken meat(Unknown origin) | 1 | Kluytmans-van den bergh et al. 2016 | |
| 2013 | S. enterica Anatum | Turkey meat (imported) | 1 | Veldman et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 | E. coli | Chicken meat(imported from Europe) | 2 | Kluytmans-van den bergh et al. 2016 | ||
| 2015 | S. enterica Schwarzengrund | Turkey meat (imported) | 1 | Veldman et al. 2016 | ||
| E. coli | Chicken meat | 33 | Schrauwen et al. 2017 | |||
| K. pneumoniae | Chicken meat | 2 | Schrauwen et al. 2017 | |||
| 2010 – 2015 | S. enterica Java | Chicken meat (local) | 11 | Veldman et al. 2016 | ||
| The United Kingdom | 2014 | S. enterica Paratyphi B | Poultry meat (imported from Europe) | 2 | Doumith et al. 2016 | |
| Germany | 2010 | E. coli | Turkey meat | 17 | Irrgang et al. 2016 | |
| 2011 | E. coli | Chicken meat | 14 | Irrgang et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Paratyphi B mcr-5 | Chicken meat | 1 | Borowiak, Fischer, et al. 2017 | |||
| 2012 | E. coli | Chicken breast (n=1) Turkey hen Schnitzel (n=1) Turkey meat (n=30) Beef (n=2) |
34 | Falgenhauer, Waezsada, Gwozdzinski, et al. 2016; Irrgang et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Paratyphi B mcr-5 | Chicken meat | 1 | Borowiak, Fischer, et al. 2017 | |||
| 2013 | E. coli | Turkey meat (n=1) Chicken meat (n=10) |
11 | Falgenhauer, Waezsada, Gwozdzinski, et al. 2016; Irrgang et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Paratyphi B mcr-5 | Chicken meat | 1 | Borowiak, Fischer, et al. 2017 | |||
| 2014 | E. coli | Chicken meat (n=1) Turkey meat (n=10) |
11 | Irrgang et al. 2016 | ||
| Portugal | 2011 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Food product (originated from swine and poultry) | 3 | Figueiredo et al. 2016; Tse and Yuen 2016 | |
| 2012 | S. enterica Typhimurium | Food product (originated from cattle) | 1 | Figueiredo et al. 2016 | ||
| 2014 – 2015 | S. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:- | Pork meat/carcass | 5 | Campos et al. 2016 | ||
| S. enterica Rissen | Pork carcass | 2 | Campos et al. 2016 | |||
| Switzerland | 2014 | E. coli | Vegetable (imported from Thailand and Vietnam) | 2 | Zurfuh et al. 2016 | |
| Chicken meat (imported from Germany) | 4 | Donà, Bernasconi, Pires, et al. 2017 | ||||
| 2015 | E. coli | Chicken meat (imported from Germany and Italy) | 2 | Zogg et al. 2016 | ||
| 2016 | E. coli | Chicken meat (imported from Germany and Italy) Turkey meat (imported from Germany and Italy) |
14 | Zurfluh, Buess, et al. 2016; Donà, Bernasconi, Pires, et al. 2017 | ||
| Other animal | Argentina | 2012 | E. coli | Kelp gulls | 5 | Liakopoulos et al. 2016 |
| Brazil | 2013 | E. coli | Magellanic penguins |
1 | Sellera et al. 2016 | |
| China | 2016 | E. coli | Dog (n=4) Cat (n=2) |
6 | Zhang XF et al. 2016 | |
| Germany | 2005 | Aeromonas allosaccharophila mcr-3.6 | Fish | 1 | Eichhorn et al. 2018 | |
| 2006 | Aeromonas hydrophila mcr-3.8, mcr-3.9 | Fish | 1 | Eichhorn et al. 2018 | ||
| 2008 | Aeromonas jandaei mcr-3.8 | Fish | 1 | Eichhorn et al. 2018 | ||
| Lithuania | 2016 | E. coli | European herring gulls | 1 | Ruzauskas and Vaskeviciute 2016 | |
| Vietnam | 2013 – 2014 | E. coli | Asian grass lizard | 2 | Unger et al. 2016 | |
| Environment | Brazil | 2016 | E. coli | Sea water | 3 | Fernandes et al. 2017 |
| China | 2015 | Kluyvera ascorbata | Hospital sewage | 1 | Zhao and Zong 2016 | |
| K. pneumoniae | Hospital sewage | 1 | Zhao, Feng, et al. 2016 | |||
| E. coli | Well water | 2 | Sun et al. 2017 | |||
| 2016 | E. coli | River and lake water | 16 | Zhou et al. 2017 | ||
| Citrobacter freundii | Lake water | 2 | Zhou et al. 2017 | |||
| K. oxytoca | Lake water | 2 | Zhou et al. 2017 | |||
| Citrobacter braakii | Lake water | 2 | Zhou et al. 2017 | |||
| Enterobacter cloacae | River water | 1 | Zhou et al. 2017 | |||
| Germany | 2012 | S. enterica Paratyphi B mcr-5 | NA | 2 | Borowiak, Fischer, et al. 2017 | |
| Malaysia | 2014 | E. coli | Pond water | 1 | Petrillo et al. 2016 | |
| Norway | 2010 | E. coli | Sea water | 2 | Jørgensen et al. 2017 | |
| Spain | 2013 | E. coli | Sewage water | 29 | Ovejero et al. 2017 | |
| K. pneumoniae | Sewage water | 1 | Ovejero et al. 2017 | |||
| Switzerland | 2012 | E. coli | River water | 1 | Zurfuh et al. 2016 | |
| Thailand | 2014 – 2015 | E. coli | Canal water | 2 | Runcharoen et al. 2017 |
NA: not available; Isolates carried mcr-1 unless stated otherwise in superscript.