Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the overall participants and differences among the 4 groups.
| Total | HF | VF | HF + VF | NO HF/VF | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic demographic variables | ||||||
| N | 974 | 166 | 575 | 86 | 147 | |
| Age (years) | 76.1 ± 10.2 | 79.0 ± 9.8c | 77.3 ± 9.6e | 76.2 ± 11.0f | 68.5 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
| Sex (female) | 788 (80.9%) | 122 (73.5%)bc | 457 (79.5%)e | 75 (87.2%) | 134 (91.2%) | <0.001 |
| FRAX-related variables | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 54.2 ± 9.9 | 53.8 ± 10.4 | 54.9 ± 10.3e | 53.3 ± 8.5 | 52.4 ± 7.9 | 0.04 |
| Height (cm) | 154.2 ± 7.8 | 156.7 ± 7.7abc | 153.6 ± 8.2 | 152.9 ± 7.0 | 154.4 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 3.8 | 21.8 ± 3.6ab | 23.2 ± 3.9e | 22.9 ± 3.6 | 22.0 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| History of fracture | 808 (83.0%) | 166 (100%)abc | 555 (96.5%)e | 77 (89.5%) | 10 (6.8%) | <0.001 |
| Parents hip fracture | 75 (7.8%) | 16 (9.6%) | 40 (7.0%) | 3 (3.5%) | 16 (10.9%) | 0.14 |
| Smoke | 20 (2.1%) | 7 (4.2%) | 9 (1.6%) | 3 (3.5%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.08 |
| Steroid use | 34 (3.5%) | 3 (1.8%) | 23 (4.0%) | 4 (4.7%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0.49 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 19 (2.0%) | 2 (1.2%) | 11 (1.9%) | 3 (3.5%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.67 |
| Secondary osteoporosis | 94 (9.7%) | 11 (6.6%)c | 49 (8.5%)e | 8 (9.3%) | 26 (17.7%) | 0.04 |
| Alcohol intake >3 units/d | 11 (1.1%) | 1 (0.6%) | 8 (1.4%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.32 |
| FRAX® T-score | −2.81 ± 0.86 | −3.14 ± 0.67ac | −2.72 ± 0.85 | −2.93 ± 1.29 | −2.68 ± 0.67 | <0.001 |
| 10-yr major osteoporotic fracture risk (with BMD) | 22.5 ± 11.5 | 25.3 ± 11.8c | 22.5 ± 10.6e | 24.0 ± 11.4f | 15.1 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
| 10-yr hip fracture risk (with BMD) | 11.7 ± 9.6 | 14.3 ± 10.5ac | 11.2 ± 8.4e | 12.2 ± 7.7f | 7.2 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
| Health-related variables | ||||||
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 80.0 ± 44.8 | 90.2 ± 41.2a | 74.5 ± 37.9d | 107.1 ± 84.4f | 69.1 ± 43.6 | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2abc | 2.3 ± 0.1e | 2.3 ± 0.2f | 2.4 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.5abc | 4.0 ± 0.6de | 3.8 ± 0.6f | 4.4 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 0.65 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1 ± 0.9 | 1 ± 1.1c | 1 ± 0.7d | 1.2 ± 1.8f | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.01 |
| Comorbidity-related variables | ||||||
| Hypertension | 541 (52.5%) | 90 (54.2%) | 337 (58.6%)e | 48 (55.8%) | 66 (44.9%) | 0.03 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 228 (23.4%) | 47 (28.3%)c | 138 (24.0%)e | 23 (26.7%)f | 20 (13.6%) | 0.01 |
| Heart disease | 294 (30.2%) | 45 (27.1%) | 192 (33.4%)e | 26 (30.2%) | 31 (21.9%) | 0.03 |
| Liver disease | 48 (4.9%) | 6 (3.6%) | 27 (4.7%) | 5 (5.8%) | 10 (6.8%) | 0.59 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 81 (8.3%) | 19 (11.4%) | 52 (9.0%) | 4 (4.7%) | 6 (3.4%) | 0.06 |
| Thyroid disease | 89 (9.1%) | 7 (4.2%)c | 51 (8.9%)e | 5 (5.8%)f | 26 (17.7%) | <0.001 |
| Parathyroid gland disease | 17 (1.7%) | 0 (0%)c | 9 (1.6%) | 1 (1.2%) | 7 (4.8%) | 0.01 |
| Osteoarthritis | 281 (28.9%) | 42 (25.3%) | 177 (30.8%) | 28 (32.6%) | 34 (23.1%) | 0.17 |
| Psychotic disorders | 224 (23.0%) | 47 (28.3%) | 130 (22.6%) | 20 (23.3%) | 27 (18.4%) | 0.21 |
| Neurologic disease | 155 (15.9%) | 45 (27.1%)ac | 80 (13.9%) | 20 (23.3%)f | 10 (7.5%) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 101 (10.4%) | 25 (15.1%) | 52 (9.0%) | 10 (11.6%) | 14 (9.5%) | 0.15 |
aSignificant difference from “Hip” and “Vertebral”.
bSignificant difference from “Hip” and “Hip + Vertebral”.
cSignificant difference from “Hip” and “No Hip and Vertebral”.
dSignificant difference from “Vertebral” and “Hip + Vertebral”.
eSignificant difference from “Vertebral” and “No Hip and Vertebral”.
fSignificant difference from “Hip + Vertebral” and “No Hip and Vertebral”.
*There are 6 groups in the post-hoc test, so a significant p-value should be less than 0.05/6 = 0.0083.
HF: Patients with only hip fracture.
VF: Patients with only vertebral fracture.
HF + VF: Patients with both hip fracture and vertebral fracture.
NO HF/VF: Patients with neither hip fracture nor vertebral fracture.