Table 2.

Distribution of time spent on each associated task.

Tasks	Time (in seconds) spent on the associated task (Pre-PMOE)				Time (in seconds) spent on the associated task (Post-IPMOE)				Change	P-value
	Frequency	Mean	SD	Median	Frequency	Mean	SD	Median
Medication-related tasks
Post-medical round prescription check/screening	677	22.07	47.54	9	245	31.69	30.28	22	9.62	0.00
Verify new/changed prescription with medical staff	171	18.82	18.17	13	38	18.39	17.03	10	−0.43	0.89
Verify new/changed prescription with other nurses	690	13.34	51.65	7	306	16.08	27.06	11	2.74	0.38
Check MAR upon patient discharge	71	36.17	34.38	29	14	60.93	54.02	42	24.76	0.07
Fax MAR and trace with Pharmacy	284	17.46	13.64	14	25	26.20	25.76	18	8.74	0.14
Patient education	129	30.94	40.30	16	55	40.04	48.92	26	9.10	0.19
Documentation	96	28.76	26.28	19	74	29.47	32.83	16	0.71	0.88
Refill medication	27	46.22	36.64	43	14	57.00	106.44	18.5	10.78	0.11
Nurse handover	319	66.94	236.55	10	401	52.08	180.47	12	−14.86	0.35
Others	40	19.80	15.34	16	23	21.83	23.57	13	2.03	0.95
Medication administration tasks
Look up MAR	872	9.17	12.13	5	867	26.30	24.09	19	17.13	0.00
Medication preparation	1149	36.91	41.35	25	1120	53.07	56.90	35	16.16	0.00
Medication delivery	787	28.70	54.57	17	885	22.36	29.07	12	−6.34	0.00
Documentation in MAR	759	6.16	15.97	3	611	6.62	5.37	5	0.46	0.46