Table 2.
Predictors for the unsuccessful treatment of tuberculosis among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients (n = 545)
| No | Predictors | Unsuccessful treatment | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 520) |
Yes (n = 25) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| 1 | Socio-demographic | ||||||
| Malea | 275 (53) | 20 (80) | 3.55 (1.31–9.60) | 0.008 | 2.30 (0.79–6.69) | 0.13 | |
| Age (years): | 0.88 | Not included | – | ||||
| 18–24 | 101 (19.4) | 5 (20) | Ref. | – | – | – | |
| 25–64 | 385 (74) | 19 (76) | 0.99 (0.36–2.74) | – | – | – | |
| 65+ | 34 (6.5) | 1 (4) | 0.59 (0.06–5.27) | – | – | – | |
| Foreign-born patientsa | 447 (86.3) | 22 (88) | 1.12 (0.34–3.99) | 0.81 | Not included | – | |
| Urban domicileb | 174 (33.5) | 12 (48) | 0.55 (0.24–1.22) | 0.13 | 1.85 (0.74–4.63) | 0.19 | |
| 2 | Current TB diagnosis | ||||||
| Pulmonary diagnosis: | 0.07 | 0.39 | |||||
| ETB | 188 (36.2) | 3 (12) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | |
| PTB | 265 (51) | 18 (72) | 4.26 (1.24–14.66) | – | 2.44 (0.66–9.05) | – | |
| ETB + PTB | 67 (12.9) | 4 (16) | 3.74 (0.82–17.15) | – | 2.50 (0.49–12.66) | – | |
| Type of TB location: | 0.20 | Not included | – | ||||
| Lungs | 313 (60.2) | 20 (80) | 2.48 (0.92–6.71) | – | – | – | |
| Miliary and central nervous system | 13 (2.5) | 0 (0) | n/a | – | – | – | |
| Others | 194 (37.3) | 5 (20) | Ref. | – | – | – | |
| Diagnosed by doctors abroad | 11 (2.1) | 0 (0) | n/a | – | – | – | |
| Type of resistance: | 0.03 | 0.05 | |||||
| Isoniazid mono−/poly-resistant | 365 (70.2) | 10 (40) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | |
| Rifampicin mono−/poly-resistant | 16 (3.1) | 1 (4) | 2.28 (0.28–18.9) | – | 1.68 (0.19–15.22) | – | |
| Pyrazinamide/ ethambutol mono-resistant | 43 (8.3) | 3 (12) | 2.54 (0.68–9.61) | – | 2.96 (0.73–12.07) | – | |
| MDR-TB | 92 (17.7) | 11 (44) | 4.36 (1.80–10.59) | – | 4.43 (1.70–11.60) | – | |
| XDR-TB | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0) | n/a | – | n/a | – | |
| 3 | History of TB disease & treatment | ||||||
| Previously diagnosed with TBa | 55 (11.7) | 4 (17.4) | 1.59 (0.52–4.83) | 0.51 | Not included | – | |
| Previously treated LTBIa | 24 (5.2) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.62 | Not included | – | |
| 4 | Risk group of TB | ||||||
| TB contacts | 27 (5.2) | 2 (8) | 1.59 (0.36–7.09) | 0.54 | Not included | – | |
| Immigrants | 65 (12.5) | 3 (12) | 0.96 (0.28–3.28) | 0.94 | Not included | – | |
| Asylum seekers | 81 (15.6) | 6 (24) | 1.71 (0.66–4.42) | 0.26 | Not included | – | |
| Illegal residence persons | 13 (2.5) | 1 (4) | 1.63 (0.20–12.94) | 0.49 | Not included | – | |
| Homeless individuals | 9 (1.7) | 6 (24) | 17.93 (5.79–55.50) | 0.000 | 9.10 (2.32–35.74) | 0.002 | |
| Alcohol dependence | 5 (1) | 3 (12) | 14.05 (3.15–62.54) | 0.004 | 4.35 (0.60–31.31) | 0.14 | |
| Substance abuse | 12 (2.3) | 6 (24) | 13.37 (4.53–39.43) | 0.000 | 6.66 (1.72–25.82) | 0.006 | |
| Health care workers | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.66 | Not included | – | |
| Travellers from/in endemic areas for more than 3 month | 19 (3.7) | 0(0) | n/a | 0.33 | Not included | – | |
| Prisoners | 10 (1.9) | 2 (8) | 4.44 (0.92–21.42) | 0.10 | 0.43 (0.05–3.94) | – | |
| 5 | Comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes | 17 (3.3) | 1 (4) | 1.23 (0.16–9.65) | 0.58 | Not included | – | |
| Malignancy | 11 (2.1) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.46 | Not included | – | |
| Insufficient renal function or on dialysis | 5 (1) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.62 | Not included | – | |
| Organ transplantation | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.76 | Not included | – | |
Information: *The cases were analysed using backward elimination method in the multivariate analysis; Hosmer & Lemeshow test 0.88; n/a: not applicable due to small number of event; Ref.: Reference; Not included: the predictor was not included due to p-value > 0.15 in the univariate analysis; amissing value: Gender 1 (0.2%), Country of birth 2 (0.4%), Newly diagnosed TB 53 (9.7%), previous LTBI treatment 58 (10.6%); bUrban domicile: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht; TB, tuberculosis; ETB, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis; PTB, pulmonary tuberculosis; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; XDR-TB, extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection; CI, confidence interval