Table 3.
Predictors for mortality outcomes due to tuberculosis among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients (n = 545)
| No | Predictors | TB-associated mortality | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 539; %) |
Yes (n = 6; %) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| 1 | Socio-demographic | ||||||
| Malea | 292 (54.3) | 3 (50) | 0.84 (0.17–4.21) | 0.83 | Not included | – | |
| Age (years): | 0.07 | 0.05 | |||||
| 18–24 | 105 (19.5) | 1 (16.7) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | |
| 25–64 | 401 (74.4) | 3 (50) | 0.78 (0.08–7.63) | – | 0.65 (0.06–6.91) | – | |
| 65+ | 33 (6.1) | 2 (33.3) | 6.36 (0.56–72.44) | – | 8.24 (0.63–107. 05) | – | |
| Foreign-born patientsa | 464 (86.4) | 5 (83.3) | 0.78 (0.09–6.83) | 0.58 | Not included | – | |
| Urban domicileb | 183 (34) | 3 (50) | 1.95 (0.39–9.73) | 0.42 | Not included | – | |
| 2 | Current TB diagnosis | ||||||
| Pulmonary diagnosis: | 0.23 | Not included | – | ||||
| ETB | 191 (35.4) | 0 (0) | n/a | – | – | – | |
| PTB | 280 (51.9) | 3 (50) | 0.24 (0.05–1.23) | – | – | – | |
| ETB + PTB | 68 (12.6) | 3 (50) | Ref. | – | – | – | |
| Type of TB location: | 0.013 | 0.024 | |||||
| Lungs | 329 (61) | 4 (66.7) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | |
| Miliary and central nervous system | 11 (2) | 2 (33.3) | 14.96 (2.47–90.52) | – | 15.60 (2.18–111.52) | – | |
| Others | 199 (36.9) | 0 (0) | n/a | – | n/a | – | |
| Diagnosed by doctors abroad | 11 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 | 0.72 | Not included | – | |
| Type of resistance: | 0.97 | Not included | – | ||||
| Isoniazid mono−/poly-resistant | 371 (68.8) | 4 (66.7) | Ref. | – | – | – | |
| Rifampicin mono−/poly-resistant | 17 (3.2) | 0 (0) | n/a | – | – | – | |
| Pyrazinamide/ ethambutol mono-resistant | 45 (8.3) | 1 (16.7) | 2.06 (0.23–18.85) | – | – | – | |
| MDR-TB | 102 (18.9) | 1 (16.7) | 0.91 (0.10–8.23) | – | – | – | |
| XDR-TB | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0) | n/a | – | – | – | |
| 3 | History of TB disease & treatment | ||||||
| Previously diagnosed with TBa | 59 (12.1) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.41 | Not included | – | |
| Previously treated LTBIa | 24 (5) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.61 | Not included | – | |
| 4 | The risk group of TB | ||||||
| TB contacts | 29 (5.4) | 0 (0) | 0 | 0.56 | Not included | – | |
| Immigrants | 67 (12.4) | 1 (16.7) | 1.41 (0.16–12.24) | 0.55 | Not included | – | |
| Asylum seekers | 86 (16) | 1 (16.7) | 1.05 (0.12–9.13) | 0.96 | Not included | – | |
| Illegal residence persons | 13 (2.4) | 1 (16.7) | 8.09 (0.88–74.24) | 0.15 | 8.87 (0.71–111.40) | 0.09 | |
| Homeless individual | 15 (2.8) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.68 | Not included | – | |
| Alcohol dependence | 8 (1.5) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.76 | Not included | – | |
| Substance abuse | 18 (3.3) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.65 | Not included | – | |
| Health care workers | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.83 | Not included | – | |
| Travellers from/in endemic areas for more than 3 month | 19 (3.5) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.64 | Not included | – | |
| Prisoners | 12 (2.2) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.71 | Not included | – | |
| 5 | Comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes | 17 (3.2) | 1 (16.7) | 6.14 (0.68–55.46) | 0.18 | Not included | – | |
| Malignancy | 11 (2) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.72 | Not included | – | |
| Insufficient renal function or on dialysis | 5 (0.9) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.81 | Not included | – | |
| Organ transplantation | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.88 | Not included | – | |
Information: * The cases were analysed using entry method in the multivariate analysis; Hosmer & Lemeshow test 0.85; n/a: not applicable due to small number of event; Ref.: Reference; Not included: the predictor was not included due to p-value > 0.15 in the univariate analysis; amissing value: Gender 1 (0.2%), Country of birth 2 (0.4%), Newly diagnosed TB 53 (9.7%), previous LTBI treatment 58 (10.6%); bUrban domicile: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht; TB, tuberculosis; ETB, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis; PTB, pulmonary tuberculosis; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; XDR-TB, extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection; CI, confidence interval