Table 4.
Predictors of poor outcomes of TB treatment among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients (n = 103)
| No | Predictors | Non-Poor outcome (n = 91; %) | Poor outcomeb (n = 12; %) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| 1 | Socio-demographic | ||||||
| Male | 42 (46.2) | 11 (91.7) | 12.83 (1.59–103.57) | 0.003 | 9.80 (1.18–81.68) | 0.035 | |
| Age (years): | 0.42 | Not included | – | ||||
| 18–24 | 26 (28.6) | 2 (16.7) | Ref. | – | – | – | |
| 25–64 | 63 (69.2) | 9 (75) | 1.86 (0.38–9.19) | – | – | – | |
| 65+ | 2 (2.2) | 1 (8.3) | 6.50 (0.39–106.71) | – | – | – | |
| Foreign-born patientsd | 89 (97.8) | 12 (100) | n/a | 0.99 | Not included | – | |
| Urban domicilec | 21 (23.1) | 5 (41.7) | 0.42 (0.12–1.46) | 0.17 | Not included | – | |
| 2 | Current TB diagnosis | ||||||
| Pulmonary diagnosis: | 0.88 | Not included | – | ||||
| ETB | 21 (23.1) | 2 (16.7) | Ref. | – | – | – | |
| PTB | 55 (60.4) | 8 (66.7) | 1.53 (0.30–7.79) | – | – | – | |
| ETB + PTB | 15 (16.5) | 2 (16.7) | 1.40 (0.17–11.08) | – | – | – | |
| Type of TB location: | 0.71 | Not included | – | ||||
| Lungs | 65 (71.4) | 8 (66.7) | 0.95 (0.23–3.86) | – | – | – | |
| Miliary and central nervous system | 3 (3.3) | 1 (8.3) | 2.56 (0.19–33.16) | – | – | – | |
| Others | 23 (25.3) | 3 (25) | Ref. | – | – | – | |
| Diagnosed by a doctor abroad | 5 (5.5) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.41 | Not included | – | |
| 3 | History of TB disease & treatment | ||||||
| Previously diagnosed with TBa | 18 (22.5) | 4 (33.3) | 1.72 (0.47–6.38) | 0.47 | Not included | – | |
| Previously LTBI treatmenta | 5 (6.4) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.38 | Not included | – | |
| 4 | The risk group of TB | ||||||
| TB contacts | 4 (4.4) | 1 (8.3) | 1.98 (0.20–19.32) | 0.47 | Not included | – | |
| Immigrants | 20 (22) | 1 (8.2) | 0.32 (0.04–2.65) | 0.45 | Not included | – | |
| Asylum seekers | 27 (29.7) | 4 (33.3) | 1.18 (0.33–4.27) | 0.75 | Not included | – | |
| Illegal residence persons | 5 (5.5) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.41 | Not included | – | |
| Homeless individual | 2 (2.2) | 2 (16.7) | 8.9 (1.13–70.26) | 0.02 | 2.15 (0.19–24.28) | 0.54 | |
| Alcohol dependence | 0 (0) | 1 (8.3) | n/a | 0.12 | n/a | – | |
| Substance abuse | 2 (2.2) | 3 (25) | 14.83 (2.18–100.78) | 0.01 | 7.50 (1.07–52.37) | 0.04 | |
| Health care workers | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.72 | Not included | – | |
| Travellers from/in endemic areas for more than 3 month | 5 (5.5) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.41 | Not included | – | |
| Prisoners | 4 (4.4) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.46 | Not included | – | |
| 5 | Comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes | 3 (3.3) | 1 (8.3) | 2.67 (0.26–27.92) | 0.39 | Not included | – | |
| Malignancy | 2 (2.2) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.60 | n/a | – | |
| Insufficient renal function or undergoing dialysis | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | n/a | n/a | n/a | – | |
| Organ transplantation | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | n/a | n/a | n/a | – | |
Information: * The cases were analysed using backward step elimination method in the multivariate analysis; The Hosmer and Lemeshow test: 1.00; Ref.: Reference; Not included: the predictor was not included due to p-value > 0.15 in the univariate analysis; amissing data: previously diagnosed TB: 11 (10.7%), Previously treated LTBI: 14 (13.6%). LTBI: Latent Tuberculosis Infection. bPoor outcome of treatment is a combination of unsuccessful treatment and death outcome due to tuberculosis; cUrban domicile: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht; n/a: not applicable due to small number of event; dForeign-born countries: Somalia 25 (24.3%), Georgia 8 (7.8%), Russia 6 (5.8%), India 5 (49%), Others 57 (55.33%)