Schematic representation of bioengineered recombinant tooth bud construct fabrication. Postnatal dental recombinant constructs were fabricated from M3 and M4 molar porcine dental epithelium (DE) and differentiation medium (DM) tissues (pDE-T, pDM-T), human dental pulp tissues and cells (hDM-T and hDM-C), and human gingival epithelial cell suspensions (hGE-C) as indicated. Tissue-tissue (T + T) recombinant constructs were sutured together, while cultured cells were resuspended in collagen and pipetted over tooth tissues to generate C + T constructs, or layered together to generate the cell-cell (C + C) constructs. Dental tissues layered with acellular collagen scaffold (S) were used as tissue alone controls.