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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Virol. 2019 Apr 17;36:32–37. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.03.002

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Early single-molecule measurements of phi29 DNA packaging using laser tweezers. (a) Packaging complexes were tethered between two microspheres, with the prohead/motor complex attached to one bead (blue) by antibodies against the capsid protein and the free end of the DNA attached to a second bead (orange) via a biotin-streptavidin linkage. (b) The change of tether length over time was used to calculate the change in packaging velocity over the course of head filling (grey trace is raw data; red trace is decimated and filtered). Reprinted from Chemla et al. 2005 with permission from Elsevier (a) and Smith et al. 2000 with permission from Springer Nature (b).