Table 1.
Vector-borne nematode zoonoses of potential wild carnivore origin: geographical distribution, definitive hosts and ways of transmission.
| Nematode species: zoonosis | Vector species | Geographical distribution | Potential definitive hosts D: domestic W: wild (in bolt species with major transmission) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onchocercidae (filarioids) | ||||
| Dirofilaria repens: subcutaneous and ocular dirofilariosis | Aedes, Anopheles, Culex | Europe, Asia, Africa | D: dog, cat W: red fox (Vulpes vulpes), wolf (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans), least weasel (Mustela nivalis) |
|
| Dirofilaria immitis: mainly pulmonary dirofilariosis of low pathogenicity | Aedes, Anopheles, Culex | Worldwide | D: dog, cat W: wild cat (Felix silvestris), fox, ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), mountain lion (Felis concolor), clouded leopard (Neofelis neburosa), snow leopard (Uncia uncia), Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (Panthera leo), coyote, jackals (Canis aureus), wolf |
|
| Dirofilaria ursi | Black flies | North America, Japan | W: bear (Ursus americanus, Ursus thibetanus japonicas) | |
| D. tenuis | Aedes, Anopheles, | Canada, USA | W: raccon | |
| Dipetalonema arbuta | Aedes, Taeniorhynchus | Canada, USA | W: porcupine | |
| Dipetalonema sprenti | Mosquitoes | Canada, Oregon, USA | W: beaver | |
| Onchocerca dewittei japonica | Simulium spp. | Japan | W: bear | |
| Onchocerca lupi: ocular onchocercosis | Simulium spp.?? | Europe, USA, Iran | D: dogs, cats W: wolf |
|
| Thelazidae | ||||
| Thelazia callipaeda: ocular thelaziosis | Phortica spp. | China, South East Asia, Europe, USA | D: dogs, cats, rabbits W: fox, wild cat, wolf, beech marten (Martes foina), hare |
|
| T. californiensis: ocular thelaziosis | Fannia canicularis? | UDA, Canada? | D: dogs, cats, rabbits W: coyotes, dogs |
|