Table 1.
Characteristics of individuals with type 1 diabetes (overall and sorted according to the presence or absence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy)
| Overall | Without CAN | With CAN | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical and biochemical characteristics | ||||
| n | 359 | 238 | 121 | |
| Age (years) | 36 (29–45) | 37 (29–46) | 35 (30–44) | 0.39 |
| Sex, female (%) | 59.6 | 59.2 | 60.3 | 0.35 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (21.7–26.8) | 24 (22–27) | 24 (21–28) | 0.78 |
| Arterial hypertension (%) | 50.1 | 42 | 67 | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 46 | 43 | 52 | 0.19 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 173 (148–195) | 171 (149–192) | 177 (145–215) | 0.17 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58 (46–71) | 59 (47–73) | 58 (46–67) | 0.37 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 94 (80–110) | 94 (80–107) | 95 (77–124) | 0.45 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 78 (58–107) | 76 (57–98) | 90 (63–130) | 0.0004 |
| eGFR (mL/min.1.73 m2) | 97 (64–112) | 100 (78–115) | 81 (16–106) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes status | ||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 23 (18–30) | 23 (18–30) | 24 (18–30) | 0.99 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 12 (7–18) | 12 (7–19) | 11 (6–18) | 0.25 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.2 (7.4–9.4) | 8.1 (7.3–9.0) | 8.5 (7.5–10) | 0.004 |
| Fructosamine (μmol/L) | 369 (322–430) | 367 (322–415) | 384 (319–481) | 0.15 |
| Microvascular complications | ||||
| Diabetic kidney disease (%) | 29.8 | 20 | 52.3 | <0.0001 |
| Retinopathy (any degree) (%) | 69 | 64.7 | 79.3 | 0.01 |
| Distal polyneuropathy (%) | 34.5 | 26.7 | 57 | <0.0001 |
| Use of medicines | ||||
| ACEI (%) | 35 | 33 | 42 | 0.01 |
| Statin (%) | 45 | 41 | 52 | 0.02 |
Results expressed as median and interquartile range, and percentage of cases (categorical variables). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is expressed as the percentage of total hemoglobin. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate computed with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation; CAN, cardiac autonomic neuropathy; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.