Table 1.
Clinical characteristics in different cohorts
| Cohort (year) | 1996 | 2001 | 2006 | 2014 | Trend analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 555 | 420 | 384 | 326 | – |
| Age (years) | 58.8 ± 11.8 | 61.5 ± 12.1 | 62.8 ± 11.1 | 66.0 ± 10.8 | P < 0.001 |
| Sex (male/female) | 53.4 / 46.6 | 50.6 / 49.4 | 53.9 / 46.1 | 57.1 / 42.9 | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.7 | 23.6 ± 3.52 | 24.3 ± 4.00 | 24.1 ± 4.29 | P = 0.040 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 15.7 ± 10.9 | 16.6 ± 11.6 | 18.0 ± 10.2 | 17.6 ± 11.0 | P = 0.234 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.8 ± 21.7 | 136.9 ± 19.9 | 132.3 ± 16.5 | 138.0 ± 16.6 | P = 0.254 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.7 ± 11.0 | 76.0 ± 10.8 | 72.2 ± 10.2 | 75.1 ± 12.0 | P < 0.07 |
| HbA1c, NGSP (%) | 7.72 ± 1.29 | 7.53 ± 1.04 | 7.72 ± 0.96 | 7.13 ± 1.0 | P < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 118.8 ± 91.2 | 118.3 ± 150.6 | 95.7 ± 51.5 | 105.7 ± 14.2 | P < 0.001 |
| HDL‐C (mg/dL) | 56.6 ± 16.0 | 54.6 ± 15.0 | 57.1 ± 15.5 | 57.6 ± 14.1 | P = 0.215 |
| LDL‐C (mg/dL) | 132.3 ± 37.2 | 126.5 ± 27.0 | 120.1 ± 25.8 | 103.2 ± 27.4 | P < 0.001 |
| UACR (mg/gCr) | 151.6 ± 472.3 | 130.3 ± 443.6 | 111.7 ± 515.3 | 74.6 ± 319.1 | P = 0.100 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85.1 ± 21.7 | 80.0 ± 22.7 | 74.4 ± 21.4 | 75.0 ± 19.4 | P < 0.001 |
| baPWV (cm/s) | NA | 1742.1 ± 418.4 | 1650.0 ± 357.1 | 1669.1 ± 344.6 | P = 0.044 |
| Antidiabetic agents (%) | 83.0 | 100.0 | 98.1 | 89.3 | – |
| Insulin (%) | 34.8 | 37.9 | 45.3 | 35.6 | – |
| Antihypertensive agents (%) | 26.5 | 40.2 | 55.9 | 58.0 | – |
| RAAS inhibitors (%) | 16.9 | 23.8 | 43.0 | 50.9 | – |
| Statins (%) | 1.26 | 26.0 | 39.8 | 51.5 | – |
| Fibrates (%) | 5.41 | 1.43 | 2.08 | 5.52 | – |
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Trend analysis was carried out with the Jonckheere–Terpstra trend test. A result was considered statistically significant if the P‐value was <0.05.
ACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio; baPWV, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; NA, not applicable; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.