Table 1.
Clinical, obstetric, and laboratory characteristics of mothers and infants
| Indicators | |
|---|---|
| Number of mothers analyzed | 101 |
| Age at delivery, years | 34.7 ± 5.1 |
| Height, cm | 157.4 ± 5.8 |
| Pregestational weight, kg | 61.3 ± 16.0 |
| Pregestational BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 5.8 |
| Underweight: <18.5, % (n) | 2.0 (2) |
| Normal: 18.5–24.9, % (n) | 67.3 (68) |
| Overweight: 25.0–29.9, % (n) | 17.8 (18) |
| Obese: ≥30.0, % (n) | 12.8 (13) |
| Maternal weight at delivery, kg | 67.5 ± 14.3 |
| Maternal BMI at delivery, kg/m2 | 27.2 ± 5.1 |
| Gestational weight change, kg | 6.22 ± 5.39 |
| HbA1c measured at weeks 24 to 28, % | 5.3 ± 0.4 |
| HbA1c measured at weeks 24 to 28, mmol/mol | 34.3 ± 4.5 |
| Glycated albumin at diagnosis of GDM*, % | 13.4 ± 1.2 |
| FPG in 75‐g OGTT, mg/dL | 84.7 ± 13.3 |
| 1‐h PG in 75‐g OGTT, mg/dL | 187.1 ± 28.3 |
| 2‐h PG in 75‐g OGTT, mg/dL | 163.4 ± 26.2 |
| Gestational age, week | 38.5 ± 1.4 |
| Insulin therapy, % (n) | 85.1 (86) |
| Total daily dose of insulin at delivery, U | 18.9 ± 19.6 |
| Smoking during pregnancy, % (n) | 0 (0) |
| Cesarean section, % (n) | 22.8 (23) |
| Premature births, % (n) | 5.9 (6) |
| Hydramnios, % (n) | 1.0 (1) |
| Oligoamnios, % (n) | 2.0 (2) |
| Parity | |
| Gravida 1, % (n) | 54.5 (42) |
| Gravida 2, % (n) | 31.2 (24) |
| Gravida 3, % (n) | 14.3 (11) |
| Infant birthweight, g | 2987.3 ± 393.6 |
| Birth weight percentile | 0.57 ± 0.27 |
| Z‐score for birthweight | 0.25 ± 0.94 |
| Low‐birth‐weight infant, % (n) | 11.9 (12) |
| Excessively large infant, % (n) | 1.0 (1) |
| Infant anomalies†, % (n) | 1.0 (1) |
| Type of delivery | |
| Transvaginal, % (n) | 69.3 (70) |
| Caesarean, % (n) | 22.8 (23) |
| Vacuum extraction, % (n) | 2.9 (3) |
| Forceps delivery, % (n) | 4.0 (4) |
| Induced labour, % (n) | 1.0 (1) |
| Infant male sex, % (n) | 57.4 (58) |
| Infant birthweight for gestational age‡ | |
| AGA, % (n) | 81.1 (82) |
| LGA, % (n) | 14.9 (15) |
| SGA, % (n) | 4.0 (4) |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; SGA, small for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation * n = 37. †Right hydronephrosis of the fetus. ‡AGA, LGA, and SGA were defined as having birthweight in the 10th to 90th, >90th, and <10th percentiles for Japanese infants, respectively.