Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline characteristics between participants with “active” and “non‐active” Helicobacter pylori infection
| Non‐active infection | Active infection | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 341 | 208 | |
| Age (years) | 60.2 ± 11.7 | 61.9 ± 9.6 | 0.054 |
| Male (%) | 50.4 | 51.9 | 0.792 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 4.7 | 27.1 ± 4.7 | 0.128 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 11.4 ± 8.0 | 11.2 ± 7.4 | 0.754 |
| Hypertension (%) | 62.1 | 61.4 | 0.928 |
| Statins (%) | 70.4 | 70.7 | 1.000 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.8 ± 21.7 | 70.0 ± 20.9 | 0.642 |
| ALT (U/L) | 33.2 ± 39.3 | 31.6 ± 31.4 | 0.562 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 0.197 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.144 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 0.120 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.483 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.8 ± 2.6 | 7.8 ± 2.5 | 0.935 |
| A1C (%) | 7.65 ± 1.49 | 7.68 ± 1.38 | 0.829 |
| A1C (mmol/mol) | 60.1 ± 16.3 | 60.4 ± 15.1 | 0.826 |
| Antidiabetic medications | |||
| Insuin (%) | 35.5 | 33.2 | 0.644 |
| Insulin dose/day (Unit) | 38.7 ± 24.4 | 37.0 ± 28.1 | 0.659 |
| Insulin dose/kg/day (Unit) | 0.56 ± 0.32 | 0.52 ± 0.39 | 0.497 |
| OAD classes | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 0.004 |
| No. participants (percentage) | |||
| 0 class of OAD | 32 (9.4) | 18 (8.7) | * |
| 1 class of OAD | 108 (31.7) | 42 (20.2) | * |
| 2 classes of OAD | 107 (31.4) | 67 (32.2) | * |
| 3 classes of OAD | 75 (22.0) | 65 (31.3) | * |
| 4 classes of OAD | 19 (5.6) | 15 (7.2) | * |
| 5 classes of OAD | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | * |
| OAD (%) | 90.6 | 91.3 | 0.879 |
| Metformin (%) | 79.4 | 83.7 | 0.262 |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 50.4 | 67.3 | <0.001 |
| Glinides (%) | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.259 |
| Thiazolidinediones (%) | 18.5 | 24.0 | 0.129 |
| AGIs (%) | 10.3 | 11.1 | 0.776 |
| DPP‐4is (%) | 22.6 | 23.1 | 0.917 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or percentage. * P‐value by 2 × 6 χ2‐test <0.05. Active infection: participants with both positive Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G antibody and UBT. Non‐active infection: participants with a negative H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibody or “a positive H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibody, but negative urea breath test.” A1C, hemoglobin A1c; AGIs, alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors; ALT, alanine transaminase; BMI, body mass index; DPP‐4is, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug.