Table 2.
Comparisons of baseline characteristics between “never/remote infection” and “past infection” groups
| Never/remote infection | Past infection | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 230 | 111 | |
| Age (years) | 59.0 ± 12.2 | 62.5 ± 10.1 | 0.005 |
| Male (%) | 52.2 | 46.8 | 0.419 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 4.6 | 26.5 ± 4.9 | 0.904 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 11.0 ± 7.8 | 12.2 ± 8.3 | 0.217 |
| Hypertension (%) | 61.6 | 63.1 | 0.813 |
| Statins (%) | 68.3 | 74.8 | 0.255 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 71.7 ± 22.0 | 69.1 ± 21.1 | 0.296 |
| ALT (U/L) | 31.7 ± 26.1 | 38.5 ± 58.8 | 0.137 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 0.210 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.989 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 0.741 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 0.094 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.8 ± 2.7 | 8.0 ± 2.4 | 0.475 |
| A1C (%) | 7.64 ± 1.49 | 7.66 ± 1.50 | 0.890 |
| A1C (mmol/mol) | 60.0 ± 16.4 | 60.2 ± 16.3 | 0.905 |
| Antidiabetic medications | |||
| Insulin (%) | 36.5 | 33.3 | 0.629 |
| Insulin dose/day (Unit) | 39.9 ± 25.2 | 36.0 ± 22.5 | 0.411 |
| Insulin dose/kg/day (Unit) | 0.58 ± 0.34 | 0.51 ± 0.27 | 0.265 |
| OAD classes | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.430 |
| No. participants (percentage) | |||
| 0 class of OAD | 20 (8.7) | 12 (10.8) | * |
| 1 class of OAD | 78 (33.9) | 30 (27.0) | * |
| 2 classes of OAD | 75 (32.6) | 32 (28.8) | * |
| 3 classes of OAD | 43 (18.7) | 32 (28.8) | * |
| 4 classes of OAD | 14 (6.1) | 5 (4.5) | * |
| 5 classes of OAD | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * |
| OAD (%) | 91.3 | 89.2 | 0.555 |
| Metformin (%) | 81.7 | 74.8 | 0.154 |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 48.7 | 54.1 | 0.358 |
| Glinides (%) | 1.3 | 2.7 | 0.403 |
| Thiazolidinediones (%) | 17.8 | 20.0 | 0.656 |
| AGIs (%) | 10.4 | 9.9 | 1.000 |
| DPP‐4is (%) | 20.0 | 27.9 | 0.128 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or percentage. * P‐value by 2 × 6 χ2‐test: not significant. Never/remote infection: participants with a negative Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G antibody. Past infection: participants with a positive H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibody, but negative urea breath test. A1C, hemoglobin A1c; AGIs, alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors; ALT, alanine transaminase; BMI, body mass index; DPP‐4is, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug.