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Pharmacological actions of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon shown in humans and rodents. Blue arrows, GLP‐1; red arrows, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; green arrows, glucagon. Note that the effects of GLP‐1 on bone formation were not confirmed in humans, and that the effects of GIP on glucagon secretion were observed only when glucose levels were high.
