Table 1.
Overview of the variables (grouping).
| Variables | Measurement | Rural Household Registration Type | Non-rural Household Registration Type | Combined | Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Mean | Mean | S.D. | t-value | ||
| Healthcare Access | ||||||
| Healthcare quality | Can you remember the first time you got to see a doctor? What was the type of the doctor? (A doctor in 1 = general hospital, 2 = specialized hospital, 3 = health clinics in towns, 4 = community/village health station, 5 = private clinic, 6 = local doctor without practicing location, 7 = doctor without license, 8 = others, 9 = never seen a doctor) | 4.9256 | 3.2132 | 4.7571 | 2.1302 | 33.9689 ** |
| Blood pressure check | Did you have blood pressure checked after you turned 16 years of age? (1 = Yes, 2 = Never) | 1.3010 | 1.1347 | 1.2849 | 0.4514 | 14.9594 ** |
| Blood test | Did you have your blood tested after you turned 16 years of age, for example, measurements of cholesterol or blood sugar? (1 = Yes, 2 = Never) | 1.4599 | 1.2585 | 1.4404 | 0.4964 | 16.6747 ** |
| Vision exam | Did you have a vision test after you turned 16 years of age? (1 = Yes, 2 = Never) | 1.6864 | 1.3799 | 1.6566 | 0.4748 | 27.2839 ** |
| Dental examination | Did you have dental examinations after you turned 16 years of age? (1 = Yes, 2 = Never) | 1.5545 | 1.7644 | 1.7440 | 0.4365 | 20.1783 ** |
| Breast exam | Did you have a breast exam after you turned 16 years of age? (1 = Yes, 2 = Never, Female respondents only) | 1.7960 | 1.5267 | 1.7706 | 0.4204 | 19.3437 ** |
| Household registration status | ||||||
| Household registration (hukou) type | What was your first hukou type? (1 = Rural hukou, 2 = Non-rural hukou (including non-agricultural hukou and unified residence hukou)) | 1.0000 | 2.0000 | 1.0992 | 0.2989 | - |
| Registration type change of household | Has the registration type changed for your first hukou change? (1 = Yes, 2 = No) | 1.4887 | 1.7205 | 1.5259 | 0.4994 | −12.8827 ** |
| Registered household residence change | Has the registered household residence changed for your first hukou change? (1 = Yes, 2 = No) | 1.3371 | 1.1212 | 1.3024 | 0.4593 | 13.0457 ** |
| Residence after migration | After your first migration, were you living in rural or urban areas? (1 = living in a rural area, 2 = mainly living in a rural area, 3 = Time living in rural and urban areas was roughly the same, 4 = mainly living in an urban area, 5 = living in an urban area) | 1.1600 | 4.0490 | 1.5949 | 1.3892 | −92.3630 ** |
| Control variables | ||||||
| Gender | [1 = Male, 2 = Female] | 1.5275 | 1.5040 | 1.5251 | 0.4994 | 1.9845 * |
| Education | [……, 10 = Master program, 11 = Ph.D program] | 3.6094 | 5.2816 | 3.7852 | 2.1770 | −35.4797 ** |
| Economic condition | When you were a child before the age of 17, compared to the average family in the same community/village at that time, how was your family’s financial situation? (1 = A lot better, 5 = A lot worse) | 3.5514 | 3.1898 | 3.5157 | 0.9816 | 15.5772 ** |
| Ethnic minority | Do you or does your spouse/partner belong to an ethnic minority? (belongs to a certain nationality other than the Han) | 0.0945 | 0.1341 | 0.9847 | 0.2980 | −5.6212 ** |
| Religion | Do you or does your spouse/partner believe in religion? | 0.1429 | 0.1302 | 0.1315 | 0.3379 | −1.5783 |
| Having insurance or not | Do you have any medical insurance? (1 = Yes, 2 = Never) | 1.0348 | 1.0427 | 1.0356 | 0.1853 | −1.7585 † |
Notes: The independent t-test of mean values was implemented; † p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.