Table 4.
Effects of household registration (hukou) change and migration on healthcare access for rural residents.
| Variables | Dependent Variable: Healthcare Access | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare Quality | Blood Pressure Check | Blood Test | Vision Test | Dental Examination | Breast Exam [Female] |
|||||||
| Independent variable | ||||||||||||
| Registration type change of household | 0.2192 † [0.1158] | 0.2647 * [0.1196] | 0.1075 ** [0.0193] | 0.1040 ** [0.0193] | 0.1450 ** [0.0231] | 0.1451 ** [0.0236] | 0.2804 ** [0.0252] | 0.2845 ** [0.0252] | 0.1677 ** [0.0231] | 0.1763 ** [0.0244] | 0.1842 ** [0.0291] | 0.1840 ** [0.0295] |
| Registered household residence change | 0.2183 [0.1386] | −0.0176 [0.0201] | 0.0002 [0.0280] | 0.0199 [0.0291] | 0.0415 [0.0308] | −0.0011 [0.0357] | ||||||
| Residence after migration | 0.0306 [0.0586] | 0.0124 [0.0597] | −0.0066 [0.0086] | −0.0053 [0.0089] | −0.0176 † [0.0098] | −0.0176 † [0.0099] | −0.0144 [0.0108] | −0.0160 [0.0109] | −0.0145 [0.0127] | −0.0178 [0.0126] | −0.0329 * [0.0143] | −0.0328 * [0.0146] |
| Control variables | ||||||||||||
| Gender | −0.0498 [0.0938] | −0.0441 [0.0938] | 0.0300 [0.0170] | 0.0295 † [0.0170] | 0.0595 ** [0.0207] | 0.0595 ** [0.0208] | 0.1672 ** [0.0238] | 0.1677 ** [0.0239] | 0.0576 ** [0.0201] | 0.0588 ** [0.0201] | --- | --- |
| Education | −0.0406 † [0.0208] | −0.0405 † [0.0208] | −0.0159 ** [0.0039] | −0.0159 ** [0.0039] | −0.0206 ** [0.0043] | −0.0206 ** [0.0043] | −0.0302 ** [0.0043] | −0.0302 ** [0.0043] | −0.0178 ** [0.0045] | −0.0178 ** [0.0045] | −0.0403 ** [0.0047] | −0.0403 ** [0.0047] |
| Economic condition | −0.0402 [0.0434] | −0.0429 [0.0435] | 0.0103 [0.0075] | 0.0105 [0.0075] | 0.0215 * [0.0084] | 0.0215 * [0.0084] | 0.0041 [0.0085] | 0.0038 [0.0085] | −0.0008 [0.0096] | −0.0013 [0.0097] | −0.0008 [0.0100] | −0.0008 [0.0100] |
| Ethnic minority | −0.1961 [0.1679] | −0.2037 [0.1660] | 0.0343 [0.0238] | 0.0349 [0.0238] | 0.0630 * [0.0309] | 0.0630 * [0.0308] | 0.0453 † [0.0257] | 0.0446 † [0.0258] | 0.0121 [0.0325] | 0.0108 [0.0327] | 0.0059 [0.0297] | 0.0060 [0.0297] |
| Religion | −0.4745 ** [0.1345] | −0.4704 ** [0.1343] | 0.0043 [0.0225] | 0.0041 [0.0224] | −0.0678 * [0.0271] | −0.0678 * [0.0271] | −0.0118 [0.0244] | −0.0114 [0.0245] | −0.0177 [0.0293] | −0.0170 [0.0294] | −0.0086 [0.0318] | −0.0086 [0.0319] |
| Having insurance or not | 0.1040 [0.2278] | 0.1074 [0.2269] | 0.1148 * [0.0462] | 0.1150 * [0.0463] | 0.0986 * [0.0502] | 0.0986 * [0.0502] | 0.1095 * [0.0430] | 0.1096 * [0.0429] | 0.1422 ** [0.0406] | 0.1425 ** [0.0406] | 0.0959 * [0.0401] | 0.0958 * [0.0401] |
| Intercept term | 4.7012 ** [0.3988] | 4.3993 ** [0.4439] | 0.9001 ** [0.0759] | 0.9239 ** [0.0781] | 0.9584 ** [0.0855] | 0.9582 ** [0.0954] | 0.8495 ** [0.0793] | 0.8222 ** [0.0886] | 1.2443 ** [0.0789] | 1.1872 ** [0.0925] | 1.5100 ** [0.0825] | 1.5114 ** [0.0944] |
| Number of observations | 2833 | 2833 | 2803 | 2803 | 2852 | 2852 | 2914 | 2914 | 2915 | 2915 | 1831 | 1831 |
| F statistics [p-value] | 2.70 [0.0066] | 2.71 [0.0044] | 14.72 [0.0000] | 13.05 [0.0000] | 24.88 [0.0000] | 22.35 [0.0000] | 95.12 [0.0000] | 85.64 [0.0000] | 20.38 [0.0000] | 18.28 [0.0000] | 22.15 [0.0000] | 19.40 [0.0000] |
Notes: The regression sample in this table is residents whose first hukou was rural and changed household registration (either household residence or type). The household registration (hukou) type change indicates the change between rural and non-rural. Estimated standard errors were clustered on community level and are reported in brackets; † p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.