Table 3.
In vitro studies of the mung bean and its active compounds in health benefits.
| Health Benefits | Model | Type of Extract/Constituents | Dose/Reaction System | Experimental Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypoglycemic properties | Biochemical tests | Lignans and flavonoids | 20 μL/1650 μL | Inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase | [64] |
| Biochemical tests | Vitexin and isovitexin | 500 ppm, 100 μm | Inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end products | [44] | |
| Biochemical tests | Phenolic compounds | 50 μL/200 μL, 1 mL/3 mL | Inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase and the formation of advanced glycation end products | [35] | |
| Biochemical tests | Aqueous extracts of raw, boiled, and sprouted mung bean | 20 μL/220 μL, 40 μL/260 μL | Inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase | [21] | |
| Biochemical tests | Aqueous extract of bioprocessed mung bean | 800 μL/6 mL | Inhibited the activity of α-Amylase | [65] | |
| Biochemical tests | Ethanolic extracts of whole mung bean, cotyledon, and hull | 0.1 mL/1 mL | Inhibited the activity of aldose reductase | [45] | |
| Biochemical tests | Ethanolic extract of mung bean seed coat | 5 mg/mL | Inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase | [66] | |
| Hypolipidemic properties | 3T3-L1 preadipocytes | Vitexin and isovitexin | 25, 50 and 100 μM | Decreased fat accumulation Lowered inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and MCP-1 |
[67] |
| Antihypertensive properties | Biochemical tests | Mung bean protein hydrolysates | 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20 and 25 μg/mL | Exhibited ACE-I inhibitory activity | [25] |
| Biochemical tests | Vicilin protein (storage protein of mung bean) hydrolysate | 0.2–1.0 mg/mL | Exhibited ACE-I inhibitory activity | [23] | |
| Biochemical tests | Mung bean protein hydrolysate | 100 μg/mL | Exhibited ACE-I inhibitory activity | [63] | |
| Biochemical tests | Mung bean protein hydrolysate | 10 mg protein/mL | Exhibited ACE-I inhibitory activity | [62] | |
| Anticancer properties | Human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7), human cervical cancer cells (Hela) | Proteins isolated from mung bean aqueous extract | 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/mL | Exhibited the anti-proliferation activities | [68] |
| Human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) | vicilin protein (storage protein of mung bean) hydrolysate | 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/mL | Exhibited the anti-proliferation activities | [23] | |
| Human hepatoma cells (Bel-7402) | Mungoin- a novel mung bean protease inhibitor | 10, 50, 100 and 200 μM | Exhibited the anti-proliferation activities | [69] | |
| Digestive system cancer cells (CAL27, AGS, HepG2, SW480 and Caco-2), prostate cancer cells (DU145), ovary cancer cells (SK-OV-3), breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and leukemia cells (HL-60) | Phenolics | 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/mL | Exhibited the anti-proliferation activities | [70] | |
| Human pulmonary carcinoma cell, human gastric carcinoma cells (SNU-601) | Aqueous, ethyl acetate, methanol, n-hexane, n-butanol extracts of mung bean seeds and sprouts | Nd 1 | Exhibited the anti-proliferation activities | [71] | |
| Cervix adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa; ATCC CCL-2), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2; ATCC HB-8065) | Methanol Extracts of mung bean sprouts | 9.37 to 300 mg/mL, 10.25 to 164 mg/mL, 3.12 to 100 mg/mL, 0.31 to 10 mg/mL | Increased levels of anticancer cytokine (TNF-α and IFN-β) Induced IFN-γ and inhibited IL-4 production Induced apoptosis in HeLa and HepG2 cells Induced cell cycle arrest in HeLa Induced cdk-inhibitor proteins (p21, p53, and p27) in HeLa cells Induced only p53 in HepG2 cells |
[72] | |
| Immunomodulatory activity | Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells | Verbascose | 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL | Enhanced the ability of devouring neutral red of peritoneal macrophages Promoted the release of NO and immune reactive molecules, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-α, and IFN-γ |
[73] |
| Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells | Arabinogalactan | 10, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL | Induced the release of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β Increased phagocytic capability of macrophages |
[59] | |
| Male Balb/c mice splenocyte (8–10 week-old) | Aqueous extract of fermented mung bean | 2.3 mg/mL | Enhanced splenocyte proliferation Increased serum IL-2 and ŽIFN-γ concentrations |
[74] | |
| Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells | Water-extractable polysaccharides from mung beans | 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL | Stimulate the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 | [57] | |
| Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells | Alkali-extractable polysaccharides from mung beans | 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL | Stimulated the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 | [58] | |
| Male Wistar splenocytes (8 week-old), murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells | Water soluble (cold and hot water, 55 °C), EDTA soluble (0.5%, Pectins), alkali-soluble (10%, Hemicellulose A and B) polysaccharides isolated from mung beans | 0.1–100 μg/mL, 50–1000 μg/mL | Enhanced splenocyte proliferation Increased the production of NO |
[28] | |
| T helper cells (transgenic OT-II mice) | Saponins | 50 and 100 μg/mL | Inhibited Th cell proliferation | [75] | |
| Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells | Vitexin and isovitexin | 100 μg/mL | Inhibited the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2 mRNA | [34] | |
| Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells | Aqueous extracts of untreated, germinated, and fermented mung beans | 2.5 and 5 mg/mL | Decreased level of NO | [22] | |
| Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and human monocyte U-937 cells | Aqueous extract of mung bean seed coat | 0.1, 0.2, 0.8, 4, 8, and 15 mg/L | Reduced both intra- and extracellular HMGB1 levels in endotoxin-stimulated macrophages Stimulated HMGB1 protein aggregation Facilitated the formation of microtubule-associated protein-1-light-chain-3-(LC3-) and the production of LC3-II |
[76] | |
| Biochemical tests | Ethanolic extracts of whole mung bean, cotyledon, and hull | 1 mL/5 mL | Inhibited the activity of protease | [45] | |
| Macrophages cells (J774) | Ethanolic extract of mung bean | 3.7 mg/mL | Decreased the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12β, TNF-α, and iNOS | [77] | |
| Anti-melanogenesis properties | Biochemical tests | Vitexin and isovitexin | 10 and 15 μM | Inhibited tyrosinase activity | [78] |
| Mouse melanoma cells (B16F1) | Vitexin and isovitexin | 10–250 μg/mL | Inhibited melanogenesis | [79] | |
| Mouse melanoma cells (B16) | Tannins | 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL | Inhibited cell proliferation, cellular tyrosinase activity, and melanogenesis | [24] | |
| Biochemical tests | Antityrosinase | 20, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160, and 200 μg/mL | Inhibited the monophenolase and diphenolase activities | [80] | |
| Biochemical tests | Ethanolic extract of mung beans | 15 mg/mL | Inhibited tyrosinase activity | [81] | |
| Biochemical tests | Aqueous, ethyl acetate, methanol, n-hexane, n-butanol extracts of mung bean seeds and sprouts | Nd | Inhibited tyrosinase activity | [71] |
1 Nd: No data were found. Interleukin-6 (IL-6); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β); cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); nitric oxide (NO); high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1); interleukin 12β (IL-12β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); interferon-α (IFN-α); interferon-γ (IFN-γ); interleukin-4 (IL-4); interferon-β (IFN-β); interleukin-2 (IL-2); angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).