Figure 1.

1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) (A) and 2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)⁺ (B) scavenging activities of wild bitter melon extract and fractions. IC₅₀ is the half maximal inhibitory concentration of extract or fractions on DPPH or ABTS⁺ radicals. Each determination was made in three independent experiments, and the data are shown as means ± standard deviation (SD). Different letters a–e indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05). Ethanol extract (ET), petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol (Bu), H₂O fraction, and Vitamin C (VC, 20 µg/mL).