Figure 2.

Protective effects of wild bitter melon extract and fractions against H₂O₂-induced DNA damage. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 10% (D10%) was used as negative control, while vitamin C (VC) was used as positive control. “+” indicates the presence of H₂O₂, while “−” indicates the absence of H₂O₂. The control was exposed by H₂O₂ without the tested sample, while the blank was absent both H₂O₂ and the tested sample. Ethanol extract (ET), petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol (Bu), and H₂O fraction.