Figure 4.

(A) The suppressive effect of wild bitter melon extract and fractions on nitric oxide (NO) production from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. NO level was measured by the Griess reaction. Ibuprofen (Ibu) was used as positive control. DMSO 10% (D10%) was used as negative control. Control (C) was stimulated with LPS without the tested sample treatment, while blank (B) was free LPS and the tested sample. (B) The effect of wild bitter melon extract and fractions on RAW 264.7 cell viability. Blank is free the tested sample. DMSO 10% (D10%) was used as negative control. Cell viability was assessed by MTT method, and the results were expressed as percentage of surviving cells over blank cells. Each determination was made in three independent experiments, and the data were shown as means ± SD. Different letters a–g indicate significant difference among groups (p < 0.05). Ethanol extract (ET), petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol (Bu), and H₂O fraction.